Essay on Genetic Engineering Should Not be Banned

Genetic Engineering Should Not be Banned Genetic engineering is a hotly-debated topic. On the one hand, giant corporations, ambitious scientists and powerful politicians are pushing forward with projects they claim will benefit mankind, and on the other, public opinion, environmentalists and consumers associations are concerned that these projects are insufficiently safeguarded and pose irreversible risks to life on this planet. In this paper I will set out the main issues in the debate on genetic engineering. First I will summarise the history of genetic science, and look at the origins of the debate. Then I will discuss the manipulation of plant, animal and human genes in turn, and consider the possible benefits and†¦show more content†¦130). However, as we near the turn of the century, the debate has widened considerably, and taken on a new practical significance. The first cloned animals (sheep and cows) are now actually alive (and breeding), and Genetically modified crops are already entering the human food supply in the UK (Nuffield Report, p.1). The remainder of this essay is devoted to exploring the issues relating to GE of plant, animal and human genes, and discussing their advantages and disadvantages in turn. The debate about GE in plants is of particular urgency, since Genetically modified crops are already entering the human food supply. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, April 1998(p.1) and, in many cases, there is no way of knowing which food has genetically altered ingredients (BBC News Online, March 18th) Supporters of GE argue that Genetic know-how might provide the means to feed the millions of hungry people in the world. (Karp, preface, p. xi) This hope applies particularly to the plant world. Scientists hope to produce crops which are resistent to diseases, able to survive in rough conditions, and have a long shelf life in the store or supermarket. Food for Our Future, a web site produced by the UK Food and DrinkShow MoreRelated Genetic Engineering: Our Key to a Better World Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pages What is genetic engineering one might ask and why is there so much moral controversy surrounding the topic? Genetic engineering as defined by Pete Moore, is the name given to a wide variety of techniques that have one thing in common: they all allow the biologist to take a gene from one cell and insert it into another (SS1). Such techniques included in genetic engineering (both good and bad) are, genetic screening both during the fetal stage and later in life, gene therapy, sex selectionRead MoreThe Issues Of Gene Technology867 Words   |  4 Pages Legislation mainly focuses on HIPAA and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). They protect information and prohibit genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment, respectively (â€Å"Genetic Discrimination†). The flaw in legislation is that it doesn’t apply to the nation as a whole. I would revise the GINA to get it to be a federal law and apply to everyone. Introduction Gene technology relates to gene expression, genetic variation, and modifying genes to new hosts. ScientistsRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler. Designer Babies, a form of human genetic engineering, should be banned. When a human is created with a different embryo in a lab that child can feel a lost sense of identity; also, genetic engineering can lead to a loss of human diversity and an imbalance between the social classes; and the procedure for testing and creating genetically engineered children destroys embryos that had the potential of becoming a child. Genetic engineering is a field that is growing rapidly every singleRead MoreThe Hunger Crisis And Its Effects On The World1532 Words   |  7 Pageshad their genetic codes altered using biotechnical techniques. This scientific process sparks debate among many people even though everyone acknowledges that world hunger is an important problem. One side claims that genetically engineered foods are beneficial. Their reasons include, that genetically engineered foods are cheaper in costs, have higher production rates and taste better. However, taste is an opinion. The opposition to this argument states that these foods should be banned due to theirRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Food1229 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering is a technique which uses biotechnology to change an organism s genome. Currently, this technology has been used in an abundance of fields, for example medical science, agriculture and industry. Furthermore, numerous countries have never stopped the research on genetic engineering because they think the technology of gene will become the main competitiveness in the future. As a result for the rapid development of genetic engineering. With the developm ent of this technology, someRead MoreGmo Vs. Non Gmo Research Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesHonovi Locklear Julie Lamb English III AP 5 December 2016 GMO Vs. Non-GMO research paper Do you know what GMO’S are? You should because more than likely you consume them every day. Malnutrition of the rapidly growing human population is one of the major problem faced by the world we live in today. Genetically modified food (GM Food) is the solution to this problem. The food produced on a massive scale, by direct or indirect involvement of genetically manipulated organisms is called genetically modifiedRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods : A Large Part Of Today s Market Place982 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically Modified Foods are a large part of today s market place: corn,soybean,cotton, etc.. And plenty more crops are genetically modified. These genetic modifications change from inserting genes that allows the use of certain herbicides to inserting animals genes to impart desirable traits. Many large companies and farmers believe that genetically modified foods result in the use of fewer chemicals and cheaper foods, and more stability for the farmers. Some people may not like geneticallyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of Food Is Good For The Welfare Of Humanity1135 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering of food is one of the most controversial issues facing the universe today. Genetic engineering or modification of food is the artificial modification of the genetic constituents of plants and animals that produce food (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2015b). Genetic engineering per se is often conducted in the laboratory through a number of technologies whose primary role is to i ncorporate the desired qualities into the genetically engineered food crops and animals. Even thoughRead MoreThe Genetic Modification Of Food1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe genetic modification of food is a very argue subject around the world founded by Monsanto, a company complex in geoponic technology, in the 1980’s (Wikipedia). Since then, many other companies have also started to alter their food to avoid using pesticides. Genetically modified foods as foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering (Wikipedia). There are many different views concerning GMOs and quest the ideologicalRead MoreTreatments for Infertile Couples Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesis placed in an artificial womb †¦ the action is permissible† Articles of Islamic arts, Imam Al- Khoei. However Muslims disagree with all other types of treatments and they are banned because they deny the children to know who their parents are. This is a form of adoption, which is also banned in Islam, â€Å"no Muslim is allowed to donate sperm to a women who is not his legal wife and no women is allowed to donate an egg to another woman† (quote source needed). C)

The Endangered And Endangered Species Diversity

Yue Yin Professor Riya Das Writing 111 15 Dec 2015 The Endangered and Threatened Species — Diversity â€Å"Bienvenido, mengalu-alukan, Selamat datang, よ㠁†ã â€œÃ£  , Chà  o má » «ng, æ ¬ ¢Ã¨ ¿Å½Ã¯ ¼Å'Witaj, ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃÅ½Ãâ€š ÏÅ'Ï ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ µÃâ€š, Welcome†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dictionary.com) Have you ever entered a public place and found your attention getting caught up in a giant, delicately decorated poster board hanging on the wall that kindly greets you with the word â€Å"Welcome† translated into a myriad of other languages? Have you noticed that more and more educational institutions, especially colleges, are starting to advertise and take pride in their campuses as having a diverse student body? As our world is progressing forward, people are gradually coming to a realization of the importance of fostering diversity on college campuses as well as in the workplaces. Newspapers and magazines have published articles that highlight the different benefits of maintaining a diverse group of individuals in schools, communities and organizations. Nevertheless, despite this increasing recognition and celebration of the countless advantages that racial diversity has brought to our day-to-day life, the emotional and psychological wellbeing for individuals of different racial groups is very often being overlooked by our society. In the ongoing discussion of the issue of racial discrimination, many believe that the social status for diverse ethnic and racial groups, including but not limited to Asian, Latino/Hispanic, and Black, had significantly improved forShow MoreRelatedGenetically Vigorous Populations Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction into Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity provides a species with its form and function. A species genotype refers to their genetic code; what their cells are going to be used for – hair cell, eye cell, muscle cell, etc. A species phonotype refers to the way in which that species gene will be expressed – blonde hair, blue eyes, large muscle tone; which significantly impacts the success of that individuals genes. Without genetic diversity among populations the gene pools wouldRead MoreEssay on Cloning: An Option for Endangered Species Conservation1085 Words   |  5 PagesCloning: An Option for Endangered Species Conservation Review of the Literature Geneticists know that the technology of cloning lies in the palm of their hands, and its use on domestic animals and now endangered species has already proven successful (â€Å"Endangered Species†; Fields-Meyer and Seaman;Holt et al.; Lanza et al.; Trivedi). The question I ask now is this: Will cloning be used in the conservation of endangered species? This very question has sparked debate between the scientificRead MoreWhy Should We Protect Non Resources?1302 Words   |  6 Pagesprotect ‘non-resource’ (e.g., endangered) species? Since 1620, it has been estimated that over 500 plant and animal species have gone extinct in our country (US Fish and Wildlife Service). While it may be too late to protect these species, why should we protect other species that are endangered and could become extinct? In the preamble to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Congress of the United States answers this question by stating that we should protect these species because they â€Å"are of estheticRead MoreThe Future Of Zoos During The World Of Activists Attacks1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthreatening environmental crisis, zoos are participating in the conservation of species. The biodiversity of the animal and plant worlds is being deeply affected, on the one hand by the disruption of ecosystems caused mainly by climate change and deforestation, and on the other hand, by the globalization of trade, travel, transport, and tourism. These two factors are increasingly reducing animals’ habitats and endangering many sp ecies (Keulartz 336). Even in the face of the environmental serial destructionRead MoreThe Importance of Endangered Species in Our World1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Endangered species in our world Importance of Endangered Species in our world INTRODUCTION The term endangered is used by international and national organizations to define plants and animals currently in danger of becoming extinct. Although the term endangered is universally used, the definition of an endangered species is greatly varied. In most cases, the factors causing an organism to become endangered are human- related. ABSTRACT Geographic distributionRead MoreBiodiversity626 Words   |  3 PagesBiodiversity a.Biodiversity- is the degree of variation of life. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropicsRead More1973 Endangered Species Act Research Topic Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Topic 2 – 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) Date: April 4, 2013 Background Statement: The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found and deals with the perseveration of wildlife which is threatened with extinction. The U.S Fish and Wildlife services is the government agency entrusted with the enforcement of it provision. Also ensure that actions they authorizeRead MoreShould We Save Endangered Species?1740 Words   |  7 Pagesmore be done to protect and preserve endangered animals? The reasons for saving endangered species might seem obvious to many people, but many question why we should save a species from dying out. Isn t this part of the process of natural selection? Is there any environmental benefit to preserving a dying species? For some it s a question with an obvious answer, for others... it requires some thought. What benefit is there to saving an endangered species from dying out? This article outlinesRead MoreAwareness about Biodiversity Needs to Be Raised Essay692 Words   |  3 PagesBiodiversity is the variety of many different kinds of plants animals in an ecosystem; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity is important because it increases ecosystem productivity. With diverse plant/animal species ecosystems has a higher chance of recovery after a disaster, produce more potential plants that can be used in medicine, has more recreational activities which helps tourism. Biodiversity is so important because of the reasons statedRead More Protection Of Endangered Species Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pages Out of all the species that have ever existed since the beginning of time, 98% of them are extinct (Facts). There are an estimated 5-10 million species that exist currently and only 1.5 million have been identified (Sherry, 2). Scientists classify species into six different groups: plants, animals, insects, algae, fungi, and microorganisms (Today’s Situation). In the tropical rainforest alone, most species are disappearing at the rate of 1% a year (Sherry, 6). If the current trend continues, at

Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis Free Essays

This video is a narrative that clarifies different logical certainties that present major issues for the hypothesis of advancement. This video arrangement pursues a few researchers as they present logical proof that firmly supports the hypothesis of insightful outline. All through the narrative they clarify how the finches of the Galapagos Island, the cell flagellum, the DNA strand, and different subjects demonstrate that the odds of development making this unpredictable universe are about outlandish. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now To start with, these researchers examine the finches that enlivened Charles Darwin’s hypothesis of development. They altogether clarify how the adjustments of the fowl’s snouts were a consequence of characteristic choice, which could help the general populace’s noses fundamentally change. In any case, characteristic determination has never been in charge of making the advancement from one animal varieties another. These adjustments were maybe realized to better the survival of this types of flying creatures on the island by permitting them better access to the sustenance sources. The way that the establishing father’s own hypothesis that assembled development has been disproven by science should reveal insight into how defective this hypothesis, that is frequently displayed as a logical law, truly is. A second developmental issue exhibited by these researcher, and maybe the most intense, is that of the cell flagellum. Propositions researcher clarify how the flagellum functions much like a typical detachable engine, with the exception of on a minuscule level. Each part to this cell mobilizer is fundamental to the task of the engine. While a few sections that make up the flagellum are found in different territories of the cell and could be barrowed for the flagellar organization, the greater part are totally new to the cell. Per the generally excepted theoretical procedure of advancement, the parts for this fifty or more piece small scale engine would need to independently create over a lot of time. The main issue with this is, as per Darwin’s hypothesis, survival of the fittest implies that these basically futile parts would be killed from the phone by normal determination while sitting tight for alternate pieces to build up that would make the flagellum a working engine. The multifaceted nature of this splendidly composed miniaturized scale engine is an extremely strong contention for the instance of savvy plan. Another issue that these researchers banter in this film is that of the DNA strand. They portray the intricacy of the DNA coding, which is basically its own dialect. The video clarifies the procedure of DNA translating and protein get together by means of consummately collapsed amino corrosive chains. The enormous issue is who outlined this dialect of DNA? The odds of such a mind boggling framework, which is so key the way toward creating and proceeding with life, advancing with no insightful outline is incredible. In the recordings these researchers talk about their very own voyages of abandoning the conviction of development to having confidence in a wise fashioner. They talk about how these issues introduced consolidate to make it somewhat difficult to hold to the conviction of advancement. Understanding the contentions that they clarified in this video has encouraged build up my conviction and thankfulness for the shrewd plan discovered all through our universe. This narrative completes a fantastic activity of showing certainties and the measurable numbers behind these realities, which incredibly helped me understand their importance. In the wake of watching this video, I for one trust that science has over and again supported the view purpose of wise plan. Notwithstanding, our instruction frameworks keep on showing the hypothesis of development as though it were a logical law. As was raised in the video, numerous people may never at any point think to address whether science and development can correspond, for the negligible actuality that it is the thing that they are instructed all through their whole instructive adventure. It is exceptionally uncommon that the logical certainties are reasonably displayed to understudies, and that the understudies are allowed build up their sincere beliefs from these realities. Also, this video made me contemplate and question why more people don’t significantly think about taking a gander at these realities to discover reality for themselves. I inferred that there might be two key reasons this is the situation. The main, being that numerous people today don’t endeavor to discover reality for themselves. Numerous aimlessly pursue what they are instructed by people, that are viewed as canny people, similar to reality. Be that as it may, I think others, for example, these societally esteemed clever sources, simply swing to advancement since it gives them a route around recognizing God as the wise creator for what we see surrounding us consistently. At long last, this video better outfitted me with contentions to shield my confidence utilizing science. There are times when people will provoke me about my confidence in God as the wise maker of the universe. Since I better comprehend the science exhibited all through this narrative, I can challenge these doubters with a contention that depends on logical certainties as opposed to clarifying it in a way that may accentuate my own convictions. How to cite Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis, Papers

Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry

Questions: Task 1 1. Explain why communication is critical with respect to issuing blood products and patient care. 2. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is a tri-phasic disease. In brief, explain the diagnostic parameters associated with each phase and likely treatment options. 3. Explain the role of core binding factor and its association with specific disease subtypes in AML. 4. Describe how patient sample turn around times impact on diagnosis, prognosis and management within the NHS. 5. Describe the feedback loop by which thrombopoietin regulates platelet production. 6. Briefly describe the process which gives rise to the red cells extreme degree of deformability? 7. Give 2 examples of common blood biomarkers of liver dysfunction. By what principle are these markers quantified? Why do these biomarkers have limited predictive power? 8. Give an overview of the mechanisms that are triggered upon an increase in plasma osmolarity that lead to increased water retention in the kidney. How do you think that the stimulus will be switched off? Task 2 1. Describe how anaemia is classified and name key distinctive features or associations for each. Describe how transferrin, folate and vitamin B12 are associated with anaemia. Use diagrams where appropriate. 2. Describe the processes by which platelets contribute to homeostasis. 3. Indicate the current clinical management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn 4. Critically discuss the use of serum bilirubin as a biomarker for liver dysfunction 5. Inborn errors of metabolism arise from the lack or deficiency of a particular enzyme? Answers: 1. Explain why communication is critical with respect to issuing blood products and patient care. Communication is an important step while issuing the blood products as with communication one could the proper information regarding the identification of patients along with making cross-match of the samples. Communicating to patients is necessary as it will benefit the infusion of right blood at right time. By the communication one can ensure that it all the procedure followed for the treatment is accurate for the patient. 2. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is a tri-phasic disease. In brief, explain the diagnostic parameters associated with each phase and likely treatment options. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is referred as the one of the common form of leukemia and it is considered as tri-phasic disease i.e. consisting three phases which are chronic phase, acute phase and blastic phase. Chronic phase is often diagnosed by a pathogenic test for detection of t(9;22)(q34;q21), florescence in-situ hybridization, PCR analysis and southern blot is also done. For analyzing acute phase, the increase in blast count is reported in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Detection of the complication is done by cytogenetic analysis and karyotyping. To diagnose the blastic leukemia immuno phenotyping and cytochemistry is necessary. For lymphoblastic leukemia the lymphoblastic transformation responds to the treatment (Thyss et al, 1997). 3. Explain the role of core binding factor and its association with specific disease subtypes in AML. Core binding factor CBF-AML is referred as collective incorporation of AML with t(8;21) or inv(16). In the clinical drug intervention the treatment of CBF-AML have develop in giving the favorable outcome in patient. The alteration in CBF-AML might help to understand the leukemogenesis and in the present scenario it is known as the target of novel therapeutic approaches. 4. Describe how patient sample turn around times impact on diagnosis, prognosis and management within the NHS. This term is referred to the patient flow and it describes the theories linked to the flow of patient and healthcare management. It tags many of the tools and techniques related to the progressive development of the products and information regarding targeted population. With NHS the impact on the diagnosis, prognosis and management consist the movement of the patients, department and staff involved in the patient care pathways. 5. Describe the feedback loop by which thrombopoietin regulates platelet production. Thrombopoitien is produced in the liver and it is not regulated at transcriptional or translational level. This molecule comes to the circulation and is been elicitby high affinity through receptor on the surfaces of platelets that intervenes and destroys the available throbopoitein. The feedback loop in circulating platelets regulates the ambient cytokine and chemokines in circulation. The metabolism of thrombopoetein is regulated when there is reduction in the platelet production rate that increases the level of platelet and megakaryocytes in bone marrow that produces platelets (Schmaieret al, 2011). 6. Briefly describe the process which gives rise to the red cells extreme degree of deformability? The deformity in the red cells at extreme is referred as sickle cell disorder (SCD) normally characterized by anomalies in hemoglobin in red blood cell called as hemoglobin S (HbS) possessing less oxygen bearing potential. This defect having less oxygen potential causes polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin leads to the flexibility in erythrocyte and rheological effects (Igwegbe et al, 2015). 7. Give 2 examples of common blood biomarkers of liver dysfunction. By what principle are these markers quantified? Why do these biomarkers have limited predictive power? The common blood biomarkers of the liver dysfunction are alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ALT ratio. ALT is enzyme available in the liver and is been validated as biomarker for liver dysfunction. When there is deformity in the liver the ALT released into blood stream and it is valid in the diagnosis for liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and jaundice. Another valid marker is Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as it indicates the hepatocellular injury. The ratio of AST/ALT is analyzed for liver dysfunction where the ration of these goes greater than two (Adams, 2011). 8. Give an overview of the mechanisms that are triggered upon an increase in plasma osmolarity that lead to increased water retention in the kidney. How do you think that the stimulus will be switched off? The mechanism that is triggered after increase in plasma osmolarity is known as thirst mechanism. The symptom of this consequence is water intake after thirst, kidney producing concentrated urine by ADH release. Increase in plasma osmolarity causes dry mouth that stimulates the hypothalamic thirst centers. At the end there are some osmoregulators that provide the feedback and inhibit the thirst centers maintaining osmotic changes. Section B Use separate booklets to answer questions individually. Include diagrams where appropriate 1. Describe how anaemia is classified and name key distinctive features or associations for each. Describe how transferrin, folate and vitamin B12 are associated with anaemia. Use diagrams where appropriate. Anemia is defined as a situation characterized by loss of erythrocyte mass and it is classified on the basis of cytometry, erythrokinetic and biochemical basis.on cytometric basis they are classified as normocytic anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia.folate and vitamin B12 are associated with the normocytic anemia where there is disappearance of bone marrow precusrssor. While transferrin is an iron binding blood glycoprotein, that represent the anemia that is caused by iron deficiency. 2. Describe the processes by which platelets contribute to homeostasis. In the homeostasis platelets participate in two ways, first they perform cohesive function that helps to design hemostatic plug. In another approach they trigger the mechanism of coagulation and expose phospholipid surface that acts as a catalytic sites for the consolidation of hemostatic plug and to promote homeostasis plate should be efficient to perform these properties (Wagner and Burger, 2003) 3. Indicate the current clinical management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn Haemolytic disease for newborn is the main cause of fetus loss and death amongst the newborn. In this disease the RBC of newborn are attacked by antibodies of mother which starts in the womb itself and causes incompatibility in blood with mother. Management of antenatal care in routine that includes the screening of all expected mother having risk is to be screen and preventive treatment is given accordingly to reduce the occurrence of HDN. 4. Critically discuss the use of serum bilirubin as a biomarker for liver dysfunction Bilirubin is known hemetoidin and referred as breakdown product of heme catabolism and used as biomarker for liver dysfunctioning. Bilirubin is basically hydrophobic in nature and is bound to albumin while circulating. Bilirubin is transported to the hepatocytes by UDP-Glucuronyl transferase and secreted to bile by CMOAT at intestine. In intestine the conjugated bilirubin is digested and convert bilirubin into urobilinogen. The urobilinogen is converted to stercolinin and indicates as potential liver dysfunction and cholestasis (Kao et al, 2012). 5. Inborn errors of metabolism arise from the lack or deficiency of a particular enzyme. Explain the general consequences of in-born errors using at least two examples from the metabolism of simple sugars and/or glycogen to illustrate this, including consideration of the major symptoms of these conditions and how they arise. There is a disease called as Galactosemia which is caused by defect in enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase and is known to cause liver failure during infancy. It follows the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and denotes the enzyme responsible for glucose degradation (Isselbacher et al, 1986). The infants who are suffering through this disease possess the symptoms like vometting, diarrhea and jaundice. To diagnose the disease in early setting it is done before birth from the fluid around the fetus called amniocentesisor from placenta. References Adams, L. A. (2011). Biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 26(5): pp. 802-809. Igwegbe, I., Onojobi, G., Fadojutimi-Akinsiku, M. O., Hirsh, A. M., Park. N. J., Yao, M., Driver, V. R. (2015). Case studies evaluating transdermal continuous oxygen for the treatment of chronic sickle cell ulcers. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 28(5): pp. 206-210. Isselbacher, K. J., Anderson, E. P., Kurahashi, K., Kalckar, H. M. (1986). Congenital galactosemia, a single enzymatic block in galactose metabolism. Science. 13 (123): pp. 635636. Kao, T. W., Chou, C. H., Wang, C. C., Chou, C. C., Hu, J., Chen, W. L. (2012). Associations between serum total bilirubin levels and functional dependence in the elderly. Internal Medicine Journal. 42 (11): pp.1199207. Schmaier, A. A., Stalker, T. J., Runge, J. J., Lee, D. (2011). Occlusive thrombi arise in mammals but not birds in response to arterial injury: evolutionary insight into human cardiovascular disease. Blood 118 (13): 36613669. Thyss, A., Suciu, S., Bertrand, Y., Mazingue, F., Robert, A., Vilmer, E., Mechinaud, F., Benoit, Y., Brock, P., Ferster, A., Lutz, P., Boutard, P., Marguerite, G., Plouvier, E., Michel, G., Plantaz, D., Munzer, M., Rialland, X., Chantraine, J. M., Norton, L., Solbu, G., Philippe, N., Otten, J. (1997). Systemic effect of intrathecal methotrexate during the initial phase of treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Children's Leukemia Cooperative Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 15(5): pp.1824-30. Wagner, D. D, Burger, P. C. (2003). Platelets in inflammation and thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 23 (12): 21312137.

Manets Le Dejuner sur Lherbe and Bouguereaus Nymphs and Satyr

Édouard Manet and William-Adolphe Bouguereau are two famous 19th century French painters. They are widely famous for their painting techniques and influence that they had on the future generation of impressionist painters, such as Pablo Picasso. Édouard Manet and William-Adolphe Bouguereau were highly criticized for the subjects matters and painting manners that they used in their most famous pictures that we are going to compare and contrast in this paper.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe and Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first picture is Edouard Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe created in 1863 and William-Adolphe Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr painted in 1873. Those pictures were created during the same era; however, they present different artistic movements. Manet’s picture presents the tran sition from realism to impressionist demonstrating a modern life subjects. As opposed to the Le Dejuner sur L’herbe, Adolphe Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr appeared just one year before the first impressionist exhibition was held; the painting represented the traditions of the academic art and, at the same time, predicted the launch of impressionism. Both pictures are united by common subject of female nudeness that, however, does not attract the eyes of the viewer, but service as the main means to express the main ideas of the pictures. Thus, the first picture under consideration is Edouard Manet’s Dà ©jeuner sur L’herbe (1863). This picture is considered to be one of the most famous and the most influential picture of the 19th centuries. It was created on the border of two great artistic movements, realism and impressionism. Thus, it has features of both periods. On the one hand, it depicts a realistic life-scene, on the other hand, a nude woman is an i nappropriate â€Å"figure† in a life-scene picture. The influence of the realistic movement is seen in its style and theme. However, the impressionistic manner is seen in the picture as well. First of all, it can be seen through the usage of colors and unique brushwork that was later adopted by impressionists. The picture demonstrates controversy that â€Å"was caused by the juxtaposition of a nude woman with a pair of clothed men seated in a landscape† (Rothwell 7). The theme and painting techniques used by the artist were inspired by old masters, such as Marcantonio Raimond and his picture The Judgement of Paris, and such paintings of the Renaissance period as Titian and Giorgione. There is much in common with the painting Pastoral Concert that also depicts two dressed men and two nude women. In general, it can be said that the artist combined two genres in his picture, landscape and portraiture: â€Å"His aim for the work seems to have been to combine the natural, pastoral setting – favored by the Barbizon painters in their own paintings of Fontainebleau – with a study of everyday, life-size people interacting with one another. In other words, he is fusing the genres of landscape and portraiture and placing the subject of modern life on a heroic scale† (â€Å"Manet’s Dà ©jeuner sur L’herbe† n. p.).Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It demonstrates the artist’s own style of painting. The picture provoked much debate regarding its composition and the use of light. The artist painted the scene that is not understandable for the viewer. Two men dressed as dendi seem to be communicating, however, one of them is ignoring the other one, as well as women in the picture. In addition, the artist used the light and shadow so that attract attention to the figures of women: they are very bright comparing t o the figures of men and surrounding landscape. The baskets and fruit that should be their lunch are tossed aside and nobody pays attention to them at all. A nude woman in the front of the picture is looking at us. She is not ashamed and absolutely calm. It seems that all people in the picture are engaged in their personal business and do not care about the others. What is particular about the picture is that the female nudity is not emphasized: â€Å"In Manet’s Le Dejeuner sur L’herb, the female nudity appears unnoticed, and a kind of immobility reigns. Manet paints his nude woman in such a way that the eyes of the viewer are riveted to her gaze and figure† (Locke 37). As opposed to the picture by Manet, Nymphs and Satyr by William-Adolphe Bouguereau is very different in style from other works by the author. The picture was created in 1873, ten years later than the work by Manet, on the edge of impressionism. The picture represents the academic art. Academic ar t focused on specific painting rules and techniques that were influenced by Neoclassical and Romantic traditions. Academic art was aimed at uniting those styles. The artists focused on the use of light and lines as the same things. The hierarchy of genres was adopted by academic art, and thus, such genres as religious and mythological were considered to be â€Å"grade genre†. Major emphasis was made on the â€Å"female human body†. The painting by Bouguereau Nymphs and Satyr: â€Å"Presents both the best and the worst of Academic art. It portrays a subject inspired by classical mythology with precise realism, meticulous details, and feigned emotion. Such content, along with its practice execution, was diametrically opposed to the work of artists poised at the birth of modern art† (Fichner-Rathus 281). The picture seems to depict mythical personages that are having fun. However, looking more closely at the painting, we can notice that there is a sort of a â€Å" battle† on the bank of the river. The nymphs are standing firmly on the ground and they are playing with the Satyr, who is trying to resists the nymphs’ attempts to drag him into the river. Thus, the nymphs are in charge in this picture. According to Lafenestre:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe and Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More â€Å"A glossy, creamy, waxy painting where one guesses at all kinds of ingenuities, where one finds the art of composition, well-ordered groups, motion, wit, and great suppleness of drawing, but which is cold in essence, empty and leaving but a faint impression on the mind.† (492). It is the main feature of the Bouguereau’s painting. It depicts a mythical scene, interpretation of the Classical subject, and emphasizes the nudity of the female body. The artist depicted an idealize d world while using the realistic style that was popular at the time. In this regard, the image exemplifies the artist’s style and the movement it represents. Both pictures feature formal differences. Thus, the painting techniques and the usage of colors are different. The subjects of the pictures are also different, Manet depicted modern-life subject and William-Adolphe Bouguereau interpreted Classical theme. However, both pictures depict female nude body. Both authors tried to be realistic in presenting human body and motion. Both pictures seem to be â€Å"alive†. In addition, the authors used the play of light and line to mark out the lines of female figures. Thus, women are more â€Å"bright† and attract the viewers’ eyes, at the same time, male figures are in shadow. Finally, both authors used rural scenery for their paintings. The pictures represent different movements (they are separated by ten years) and different styles, however, they are united by a common subject, female nude body that was common for the period. Both pictures provide an insight into the à ©poque when they were created. Both of them were unique and were attacked by contemporaries. However, they serve a great example of how the artist can express personal ideas using style that is strikingly different from the author’s personal style. Both pictures were created on the border of two periods, romanticism and impressionism, they demonstrate painting techniques of both periods. Due to this particularity, the pictures made their creators popular. One can question the morality and ethics of the scenes depicted in both pictures, especially when they are painted so naturally without some â€Å"idolized manner† that was common for the period. It can be suggested that in both pictures, the nudity of female figures is a challenge to the dominance of the dressed men. The conscious and calm face of the woman in Manet’s picture that looks at us with out shame, and courage of nymphs in the William-Adolphe Bouguereau’s picture is the best evidence of this. The pictures present high interest to all interested in art of the 19th century, these are the most prominent works and widely accepted as masterpieces of the 19th century painting.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Fichner-Rathus, Lois. Foundations of Art and Design. London: Cengage Learning, 2011. Lafenestre, Georges. â€Å"Salon de 1873.† Gazette des Beaux-Arts 7.2 (1873). Locke, Nancy. Manet and the Family Romance. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2003. â€Å"Manet’s Dà ©jeuner sur L’herbe.† Impressionism the Making of Modern Art. N. d. Web. Rothwell, Lindsay. â€Å"Dà ©jeuner sur l’herbe.† The Unknown Monet: Pastels and Drawings. London: Royal Academy of Arts, 2007. Web. This essay on Manet’s Le Dejuner sur L’herbe and Bouguereau’s Nymphs and Satyr was written and submitted by user Silvermane to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Environment Response

All around America, there are many examples of Federalism involving environmental protection and preservation. Often, states will take care of small situations or those that are situated in their state only. However sometimes, issues get too big or too important to be resolved by the state governments alone, so the federal government involves themselves. Because of our current political system, the federal government is dominant over the state’s rule. Things like Everglades’s revitalization, Chesapeake Bay cleanup/ protection, and toxic waste storage in the Yucca Mountains can be handled by the states since the territories are in the states themselves. Be that as it may, the territories are also located in America which is governed by the federal government. Thus, if the federal government intervenes, then the influence of the state will be constrained. This is the definition of federalism. Both federal and state governments are concerned about the preservation of the Everglades. In fact, there has been a proposal passed to help keep the Everglades clean. â€Å"The Everglades Protection Area shall be defined as set forth in s. 373.4592, F.S. The phosphorus criterion for the Everglades Protection Area shall be 10 parts per billion (ppb) and shall apply to all predominantly freshwater portions of the Everglades Protection Area. Compliance with the phosphorus criterion shall be based upon a long-term geometric mean of concentration levels to be measured at sampling stations recognized from the research to be reasonably representative of receiving waters in the Everglades Protection Area, and so located so as to assure that the Everglades Protection Area is not altered so as to cause an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic flora and fauna and to assure a net improvement in the areas already impacted.† This proposes that the levels of phosphorus and pollution should be measured tho... Free Essays on Environment Response Free Essays on Environment Response All around America, there are many examples of Federalism involving environmental protection and preservation. Often, states will take care of small situations or those that are situated in their state only. However sometimes, issues get too big or too important to be resolved by the state governments alone, so the federal government involves themselves. Because of our current political system, the federal government is dominant over the state’s rule. Things like Everglades’s revitalization, Chesapeake Bay cleanup/ protection, and toxic waste storage in the Yucca Mountains can be handled by the states since the territories are in the states themselves. Be that as it may, the territories are also located in America which is governed by the federal government. Thus, if the federal government intervenes, then the influence of the state will be constrained. This is the definition of federalism. Both federal and state governments are concerned about the preservation of the Everglades. In fact, there has been a proposal passed to help keep the Everglades clean. â€Å"The Everglades Protection Area shall be defined as set forth in s. 373.4592, F.S. The phosphorus criterion for the Everglades Protection Area shall be 10 parts per billion (ppb) and shall apply to all predominantly freshwater portions of the Everglades Protection Area. Compliance with the phosphorus criterion shall be based upon a long-term geometric mean of concentration levels to be measured at sampling stations recognized from the research to be reasonably representative of receiving waters in the Everglades Protection Area, and so located so as to assure that the Everglades Protection Area is not altered so as to cause an imbalance in natural populations of aquatic flora and fauna and to assure a net improvement in the areas already impacted.† This proposes that the levels of phosphorus and pollution should be measured tho...

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BCG Matrix and SWOT Analysis of Reebok

BCG Matrix and SWOT Analysis of Reebok BCG Matrix to analyze the product portfolio of REEBOK Overview of the Indian Footwear Sector The footwear sector is a diverse industry which covers a wide variety of materials (textile, plastics, rubber and leather) and products from different types of mens, womens and childrens footwear to more specialized products like snowboard boots and protective footwear. This diversity of end products corresponds to a multitude of industrial processes, enterprises and market structures. The footwear market consists of the total revenue generated through the sale of all types of mens, womens and childrens shoes. The market is valued at retail selling price with any currency conversions calculated using constant 2007 annual average exchange rates. The Indian Footwear Industry The Indian footwear market has seen very healthy increases in its growth over the past five years, although it was outperformed by the larger Chinese market during this period. Its value and volume are set to increase at a with double-digit annual growth rates over the forecast period. The Indian footwear industry is a significant segment of the leather industry in India. It ranks second among the footwear producing countries next to China. It produces more of gents footwear while the worlds major production is in ladies footwear. The industry is labor intensive and is concentrated in the small and cottage industry sectors. While leather shoes and uppers are concentrated in large scale units, the sandals and chappals are produced in the household and cottage sector. In the case of chappals and sandals, use of non-leather material is prevalent in the domestic market. The major production centers of India are Chennai, Ranipet, and Ambur in Tamil Nadu, Mumbai in Maharastra, Kanpur in U.P., Jalandhar in Punjab, Agra and Delhi. The following table indicates concentration of units in various parts of the country The Indian footwear industry is provided with institutional infrastructure support through premier institutions like Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai, Footwear Design Development Institute, Noida, National Institute of Fashion Technology, New Delhi, etc in the areas of technological development, design and product development and human resource development. The availability of abundant raw material base, large domestic market and the opportunity to cater to world markets makes India an attractive destination for technology and investments. The Indian footwear retail market is expected to grow at CAGR of over 20% for the periods spanning from 2008 to 2011. Footwear is expected to comprise about 60% of the total leather exports by 2011 from over 38% in 2006-2007. Presently, the Indian footwear market is dominated by Mens footwear market that accounts for nearly 58% of the total Indian footwear retail market. By products, the Indian footwear market is dominated by casual footwear market that makes up for nearly two-third of the total footwear retail market. The Indian footwear market scores over other footwear markets as it gives benefits like low cost of production, abundant raw material, and has huge consumption market. The annual domestic consumption of shoes in India is 1.1 billion pairs and it is estimated that the footwear market is around Rs 10, 000 crore and will grow at 10% pa, this offers great opportunities for a company like Bata to expand. MNC Brands Sold in India are sold Adidas, Aldo, Bally, Clarks, Ecco, Florshiem, Ferragammo, Hush Puppies, Lee cooper, Lloyd, Marks Spencer, Nike, Nine West, New Balance, Reebok, Rockport, Stacy Adams, Levi Strauss , Lee Cooper, Puma, Bata. Indian Brands sold in India are Red Tape, Liberty, Khadims, Lakhani, Metro, Action, Provogue, ID, MB Footwear, Firangi Reebok: Reebok India commands a 51% market share in the premium sportswear industry in the Rs 2000-crore premium sportswear market.. It plans to increase the store count from the existing 500 to over 600 before 2008. Reebok reaches out to its target customers through its 500 exclusive Reebok Stores, 200 Shop in the shop outlets 2500 dealer outlets. The company has plan to tap tier II and Tier III ci ties. Reebok is planning to add 55 new lifestyle stores by the end of this year. It offers different segments for both men and women like sports and fitness footwear, apparel, accessories, fitness equipment and the lifestyle section. The Global Footwear Industry The global footwear market grew by 4.1% in 2008 to reach a value of $208.4 billion. In 2013, the market is forecast to have a value of $272.5 billion, an increase of 30.7% since 2008. The market grew by 4.8% in 2008 to reach a volume of 11.6 billion pairs. In 2013, the market is forecast to have a volume of 15.1 billion pairs, an increase of 30.2% since 2008. Europe is the largest footwear market, accounting for 42.3% of the global value. The global footwear market consists of the total revenues generated through the sale of all types of mens, womens and childrens shoes. The market is valued at retail selling price with any currency conversions calculated using constant 2007 annual average exchange rates. Reebok International, a subsidiary of Adidas, is engaged in the design, marketing and distribution of sports, fitness and casual footwear, apparel and equipment. The company primarily operates in North America, Europe and Asia Pacific. The company recorded revenues of E2,333 million in the fiscal year ended December 2007, a decrease of 5.7% over 2006. The operating profit of the company was E109 million in the fiscal year 2007, an increase of 26.7% over 2006. . According to 2004 figures by the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association International, Nike had about 36%, Adidas 8.9% and Reebok 12.2% market share in the athletic-footwear market in the U.S. Introduction- REEBOK Reebok is an American-inspired, global brand that creates and markets sports and lifestyle products built upon a strong heritage and authenticity in sports, fitness and womens categories. The brand is committed to designing products and marketing programs that reflect creativity and the desire to constantly challenge the status quo. Reebok India Reebok started its operations in India in 1995. Headed by Managing Director Mr. Subhinder Singh Prem, Reebok India has a pan-India presence with branch offices in Mumbai, Kolkata and Bangalore and ranks at the top amongst international footwear companies in India. The Companys brand vision is fulfilling potential, its mission – Always challenge and lead through creativity. Reeboks brand values are authentic, individualistic, courageous, empowering, innovative and real. Reebok has introduced its internationally acclaimed fitness programs in India, conducted under the banner of Reebok Instructor Alliance, which is dedicated to fitness instructors, personal trainers and health club owners. Reebok has trained and certified more then 800 trainers till now. Reebok India commands a 54% market share in the premium sportswear industry according to the calendar year December 2008. Its revenue has touched 1400 Crores (at retail price) in 2008. It plans to increase the store count from the existing 500 to over 600 before 2007. Reebok reaches out to its target customers through its 500 exclusive Reebok Stores, 200 Shop in the shop outlets 2500 dealer outlets. Reebok has the single largest store in Hyderabad. REEBOKS VISION Fulfilling Potential Reebok is dedicated to providing each and every athlete from professional athletes to recreational runners to kids on the playground with the opportunity, the products, and the inspiration to achieve what they are capable of. We all have the potential to do great things. As a brand, Reebok has the unique opportunity to help consumers, athletes and artists, partners and employees fulfill their true potential and reach heights they may have thought un-reachable. REEBOKS MISSION Always Challenge and Lead through Creativity At Reebok, we see the world a little differently and throughout our history have made our mark when weve had the courage to challenge convention. Reebok creates products and marketing programs that reflect the brands unlimited creative potential. REEBOKS POSITIONING Celebrate Individuality in Sport and Life Reebok understands that people are, above all, unique. Reeboks positioning reflects this; celebrating the distinct qualities that make people who they are their unique points of view, their individual style and their remarkable talents and accomplishments. Reebok celebrates their individuality, their authenticity and the courage it takes to forge their own path to greatness. While some may call them crazy or eccentric, Reebok calls them visionary and original. REEBOKS PURPOSE To Empower Global Youth to Fulfill their Potential Commitment to Corporate Responsibility is an important legacy and hallmark of the Reebok brand.For two decades, Human Rights, through the Reebok Human Rights program, was the primary focus of this effort. Reebok has expanded on what had been built and created a Global Corporate Citizenship platform with a purpose for the brand that will help underprivileged, underserved youth around the world fulfill their potential and live healthy, active lives. REEBOKS BRAND TERRITORY Having Fun Staying in Shape Having Fun Staying in Shape comes to life through a fun, bold, provocative manner expressed through fresh, eye catching imagery signed off with a unique Reeword. The tone and manner allows the consumer to look at sport and lifestyle through our lens of Ree. HISTORY 2000 In 2000, Reebok and the National Football League announced an exclusive partnership that serves as a foundation of the NFLs consumer products business. The NFL granted a long-term exclusive license to Reebok beginning in the 2002 NFL season to manufacture, market and sell NFL licensed merchandise for all 32 NFL teams. The license includes on-field uniforms, sideline apparel, practice apparel and an NFL-branded footwear and apparel collection. 2001 In 2001, Reebok formed a long-term strategic partnership with the National Basketball Association under which Reebok designs, manufactures, sells and markets licensed merchandise for the NBA, the Womens National Basketball Association (WNBA) and the National Basketball Development League (NBDL), the NBAs minor league. Reebok secured the exclusive rights to supply and market all on-court apparel, including uniforms, shooting shirts, warm-ups, authentic and replica jerseys and practice gear for all NBA, WNBA and NBDL teams. Reebok also had exclusive rights, with limited exceptions, to design, manufacture, market and sell headwear, T-shirts, fleece and other apparel products for all teams in most channels of distributions. In 2006, Reebok transferred the NBA rights to the adidas Brand. 2002 In 2002, Reebok launched Rbk – a collection of street-inspired footwear and apparel hook-ups designed for the young man and woman who demand and expect the style of their gear to reflect the attitude of their lives: cool and edgy, authentic and aspirational. Inspired by street fashion, Rbks marketing is culturally relevant as well. With many of the industrys most marketable and valuable sports assets on its roster, Reebok rolled-out an integrated marketing campaign that fused together sports, music, technology and entertainment, and was designed to connect the Reebok Brand to millions of new consumers around the world. The global marketing campaign was launched in early 2002 and featured select Reebok athletes paired with some of the music industrys most successful hip-hop and rap artists. Reebok tapped into something the industry had not yet seen, and became a pioneer in the fusion of sports, music and technology. 2003 2003 was a landmark year for Rbk. Reebok formed an unprecedented partnership with rap musician Jay-Z, which included the design and marketing of the S. Carter Collection by Rbk, which launched in April. With the partnership, Jay-Z became the first non-athlete to have a signature athletic footwear collection. The launch of Jay Zs first shoe was extremely successful around the world. Later that year, Reebok teamed up with another superstar of the rap world, 50 Cent. The result was the equally successful â€Å"G Unit Collection by Rbk.† 2004 In 2004, Reebok became the worlds leading producer of hockey apparel and equipment with its acquisition of The Hockey Company. The Hockey Companys brands, CCM, Koho and Jofa, are among the most respected in the sport. Reebok has a long-term licensing agreement with the National Hockey League, under which the company serves as the supplier of authentic â€Å"on-ice† game jerseys to all 30 NHL teams. It also has the exclusive worldwide rights to manufacture and market authentic, replica and practice jerseys using the names and logos of the NHL and its teams. Reebok also has exclusive agreements with the Canadian Hockey League, the American Hockey League and the East Coast Hockey League. 2005 In early 2005, Reebok launched Rbk Hockey, a new and innovative line of ultra-high performance hockey equipment, sticks and skates and signed hockey phenom Sidney Crosby, who has lived up to his billing as the leagues next great player. In two short years, Rbk Hockey has become one of the most visible and in-demand hockey brands on the market. In 2005, Reebok launched its largest global integrated marketing and advertising campaign in nearly a decade. I Am What I Am is a multi-faceted campaign which links all of the brands marketing and advertising efforts under the I Am What I Am umbrella. The campaign encourages young people to embrace their own individuality by celebrating their contemporary heroes. Celebrities featured in the campaign include music icons Jay-Z, Daddy Yankee and 50 Cent; top athletes Allen Iverson, Donovan McNabb, Curt Schilling, Kelly Holmes, Iker Casillas and Yao Ming; screen stars Lucy Liu, John Leguizamo and Christina Ricci; and skateboarder Stevie Williams. 2006 In January 2006, adidas-Salomon AG acquired Reebok, forever altering the worldwide sporting goods industry landscape. Shortly after the close of the acquisition, Reebok Chairman and CEO Paul Fireman announced he was leaving the company to pursue other interests, and Paul Harrington was named President and CEO of the Reebok brand. Today, the adidas Group, which includes the adidas, Reebok, TaylorMade-adidas Golf and Rockport brands is a global leader in the sporting goods industry and offers a broad portfolio of products. Products from the adidas Group are available in virtually every country of the world. Activities of the company and its more than 80 subsidiaries are directed from the Groups headquarters in Herzogenaurach, Germany. 2007 Reebok launched Run Easy, one of the most comprehensive running campaigns in the brands history. The goal of the campaign was to inspire consumers around the world to fulfill their potential and celebrate their individuality. The message of the campaign was that while many other brands speak about the blood, sweat and tears of running, Reebok celebrated the camaraderie, joy and fun of running – Run Easy. In addition, Reeboks partnership with the National Hockey League took center stage with the unveiling the Rbk Edge Uniform System, a complete, team-wide redesign and re-engineering of the NHL uniform, and the opening of the NHL Powered by Rbk retail store in New York City. Reebok also launched its There are Two People in Everyone marketing campaign for the second half of 2007 in select regions. The global marketing campaign highlights Reeboks unique brand point of view of celebrating the individuals balance between sport and life. The campaign, featuring international sport stars such as Allen Iverson, Yao Ming, MS Dohni and Nicole Vaidisova, declared that there is more to an athlete than his or her sport. 2008 Reeboks global marketing campaign, ‘Your Move launched in March of 2008 and evolved Reeboks positioning as the brand that celebrates individuality and supports those who choose to do things their way. Expressed as a global brand campaign, ‘Your Move was an invitation to people to do it their way in sport and in life. The ‘whats your move? ad was a literal expression of this philosophy: key assets including Thierry Henry and Alexander Ovechkin showed us their moves and invited consumers to show us theirs. In the summer of 2008, Reebok and driving ace Lewis Hamilton announced a multi-year partnership at a spectacular 3-D event in Amsterdam, home of Reeboks European Headquarters. At the event, Reebok unveiled â€Å"The Athlete within the Driver,† gave media a rare insight into Hamiltons demanding fitness regime. Hamilton revealed how Reeboks Smoothfit training footwear and apparel range helped him to train better than ever before. 2009 In February 2009, Reebok launched the Jukari Fit to Fly workout, the first in a series of initiatives to come out of a new, long-term partnership with Cirque du Soleil. Jukari Fit to Fly makes fitness fun again by introducing a new way to move. The workout has been created on a specially-designed piece of equipment called the FlySet. The result is a workout that gives the sensation of flying while strengthening and lengthening the body through cardio, strength, balance and core training. Also in 2009, Reebok made a pledge to tone the butts and legs of women around the world with its innovative EasyTone footwear. Featuring first-of-its-kind balance pod technology, the shoe generates incredible results thanks to proprietary technology invented by a former NASA engineer. Brands Reebok International Rock Port RBK CCM Hockey (Worlds largest) Greg Norman Apparel Ralph Lauren Brand The Hockey Company Avia Onfield Apparel Athletic footwear DMX2000 3D Ultralite Ralph Lauren Apparel line REEBOK SWOT ANALYSIS Reebok International was a major player in the sports and fitness products market, with a particular emphasis on footwear. Its main strengths lied in its size and strong brand awareness. While footwear is clearly its core product, concerns were being raised over its comparative disinterest in the associated athletic apparel market, which is over twice the size of the footwear market. STRENGTHS Growing sales revenue As part of a strategy to grow quality market share, the company continued to invest in three key product and marketing platforms: Performance, RBK and Classic. Reebok International was the second largest manufacturer of athletic shoes in the US, behind Nike. The Reebok brand continued to drive sales pushing it closer to major competitors, Nike and Adidas. Reebok had become the number two or number three brand in most of its overseas markets. It held around 10% of the global market, compared to Nikes 34% and Adidas 15%. The company has been able to increase revenues and improve operating margins despite some challenging retail conditions in many key markets around the world in 2004. Excellent marketing strategy The company employed a strategy of reinventing its brands in order to gain market share. In order to enhance its Reebok brand, the company introduced a new street inspired product collection, RBK, in 2002, followed by an effective marketing strategy which carried into 2003 and 2004. During 2003/2004, the Reebok product offerings generated healthy sell-through performance at retail. Alongside reinventing brands, the company introduced new marketing campaigns to promote them. To support the RBK product Reebok created a marketing campaign entitled Reeboks Sounds and Rhythm of Sport, which fuses music and entertainment with sports and performance. Celebrity associated sponsorships The company expanded its product offerings into more lifestyle and performance categories, introducing new product segments for both the NBA and NFL, including NBA and NFL footwear, classic lifestyle apparel and performance gear for off-the-field activities. Reebok sponsored many top athletes in tennis; Andy Roddick and Venus Williams; as well as music stars Jay-Z, Pharrell Williams and 50 Cent. Yao Zings impact in the Asian market is hugely important to Reebok. Affiliating itself to such globally renowned celebrities enhanced the company name among many different customer groups. Strong womens sector Another one of Reeboks strengths was its success in the womens sector. The market for womens athletic shoes is larger than that for men, accounting for around 46% and 40% of the sectors value respectively. In volume terms, the womens sector was even more important, 46% compared to 35%. Reeboks market share of womens athletic shoe sales was around 35%, and has been boosted by its Its A Womans World marketing campaign. WEAKNESSES Classics under fire The company had come under fire from its rivals in the classics department. In the past Reebok has controlled this shoe category without much competition, however companies such as Nike and Adidas were coming up with their own classic shoes. Reebok were still the market leaders in that area but the gap kept narrowing. Low market share in apparels Reebok controlled only about 1.4% of the apparel market. This posed a problem when squaring up with its fierce competitor, Nike. The footwear markets growth was slowing. Athletic apparel gives scope for a larger and more diverse range of products, keeping the market fast moving. The apparel market was 2.4 times larger than the footwear market. Nike took charge there, with its innovative designs, and contracts with sports teams and organisations throughout the world. Danger of stockpiling products by retailers Futures, or ordered in advance sales, represented around 60-70% of Reeboks business. This has been valuable to Reebok in the past; however five of the companys brands that represent around 60% global market share could cause problems in the future. Futures growth for these five brands was around 9.5% on a dollar-weighted basis. This growth was alarmingly fast. Reebok had to be careful as retailers may be ordering more than they can sell. This could result in a sudden cut off in orders, leaving the company with large inventories and a decrease in sales. OPPORTUNITIES Increase average shoe price Reeboks average price per shoe in athletic footwear stores, which account for around 15% of the market, was considerably lower than average. Its average price per shoe is $45, compared with an outlet average closer to $60. The companys lower than average shoe price is partly due to the high percentage of basic products sold, which is itself partly attributable to its traditional position in the womens sector. This left plenty of space for the company to muscle in on higher priced sales, as its products and promotional efforts improve. As well as raising brand awareness, Reeboks sponsorship deals helped the company increase its average sales price. Draw attention toward new technological developments Reebok had started developing its product to make it more modern and has invested heavily in added technology to enhance its shoes. Reebok had a lot to gain from a continued investment in more technologically advanced, premium products. In 2003, the company introduced new fashionable and technologically advanced products tied to new integrated marketing programs. These displayed an enhanced and prominent vector logo which ties back to the Professional athletes wearing the products on the field. This branding created a real point-of-difference for its performance products and should help to generate consumer interest at point-of-purchase. These products are supported at retail with a new performance marketing campaign, which utilises the athletes and the vector logo in new and creative ways. This campaign included television, print and in-store marketing packages. Encourage a strong brand push in Europe The company planned to enhance its European market, recruiting new management talent and initiating an aggressive program to regionalise this business utilising a consistent brand image throughout Europe. Reebok executed unified product, marketing, and sales strategies across all borders in Europe, thereby presenting the Reebok Brand in a more relevant and consistent manner. Exploit Nikes lack of high profile sponsorship Nike, the worlds most successful sportswear brand and footwear producer struggled to fill the void vacated by Michael Jordan. This was the first time in a long time that Nike did not have an eminent sports star to spearhead their marketing drive. This has left an opening for the likes of Reebok to exploit, particularly in the basketball arena. The company took the Chinese sensation from Nike, Yao Ming, hoping to increase market share by 10% to 30% by 2006. THREATS Over reliance on footwear sales Footwear is Reeboks largest division and the company relies fairly heavily on the footwear market. That was a competitive field experiencing much slower growth than in previous years and, like most other producers, Reebok felt that it must do more to increase sales. Reebok had also to be aware that the market for more expensive footwear was slowing. This could ultimately force prices down, should this trend continue for a significant period of time. With the company so reliant on footwear, it risked losses, whereas other competitors such as Nike can fall back on their apparel division. Diverted from historical markets Reeboks original success stemmed from the womens aerobics market in the 1980s. It has since become apparent that the company has shied away from its roots. Reeboks womens products represent only 25% of its athletic apparel volume. The womens apparel sector actually accounts for around 40% of industry sales, which suggests that Reebok risked losing out in the key market that transformed them into a global company. Product portfolio strategy introduction to the boston consulting box Introduction Thebusiness portfoliois the collection of businesses and products that make up the company. The best business portfolio is one that fits the companys strengths and helps exploit the most attractive opportunities. The company must: (1) Analyze its current business portfolio and decide which businesses should receive more or less investment, and (2) Develop growth strategies for adding new products and businesses to the portfolio, whilst at the same time deciding when products and businesses should no longer be retained. Methods of Portfolio Planning The two best-known portfolio planning methods are from the Boston Consulting Group (the subject of this revision note) and by General Electric/Shell. In each method, the first step is to identify the various Strategic Business Units (SBUs) in a company portfolio. An SBU is a unit of the company that has a separate mission and objectives and that can be planned independently from the other businesses. An SBU can be a company division, a product line or even individual brands it all depends on how the company is organised. The Boston Consulting Group Box (BCG Box) Using the BCG Box (an example is illustrated above) a company classifies all its SBUs according to two dimensions: On the horizontal axis: relative market share- this serves as a measure of SBU strength in the market On the vertical axis: market growth rate- this provides a measure of market attractiveness By dividing the matrix into four areas, four types of SBU can be distinguished: Stars -Stars are high growth businesses or products competing in markets where they are relatively strong compared with the competition. Often they need heavy investment to sustain their growth. Eventually their growth will slow and, assuming they maintain their relative market share, will become cash cows. Cash Cows- Cash cows are low-growth businesses or products with a relatively high market share. These are mature, successful businesses with relatively little need for investment. They need to be managed for continued profit so that they continue to generate the strong cash flows that the company needs for its Stars. Question marks- Question marks are businesses or products with low market share but which operate in higher growth markets. This suggests that they have potential, but may require substantial investment in order to grow market share at the expense of more powerful competitors. Management have to think hard about question marks which ones should they invest in? Which ones should they allow to fail or shrink? Dogs- Unsurprisingly, the term dogs refers to businesses or products that have low relative share in unattractive, low-growth markets. Dogs may generate enough cash to break-even, but they are rarely, if ever, worth investing in. Using the BCG Box to determine strategy Once a company has classified its SBUs, it must decide what to do with them. In the diagram above, the company has one large cash cow (the size of the circle is proportional to the SBUs sales), a large dog and two, smaller stars and question marks. Conventional strategic thinking suggests there are four possible strategies for each SBU: (1) Build Share: here the company can invest to increase market share (for example turning a question mark into a star) (2) Hold: here the company invests just enough to keep the SBU in its present position (3) Harvest: here the company reduces the amount of investment in order to maximise the short-term cash flows and profits from the SBU. This may have the effect of turning Stars into Cash Cows. (4) Divest: the company can divest the SBU by phasing it out or selling it in order to use the resources elsewhere (e.g. investing in the more promising question marks). THE BOSTON CONSULTING GROUP BOX (BCG BOX) OF REEBOK STARS  · Greg Norman Apparel Question Mark  · Athletic footwear  · DMX2000 Cash Cows  · Rock Port Dogs  · Avia Stars: [high share; high growth] 1. The Collections moisture-wicking innovative Play Dry ® technology and unique Performance. Luxury. 2. Style. combination continue to differentiate the brand. Influenced by one of the worlds leading golf professionals and identified by the four-color shark logo, Greg Norman Collection has become a complete lifestyle brand since beginning as knitwear line in 1992. India is now a major sourcing hub for Reebok Internationals golf apparel and accessories brand Greg Norman Collection. The $100 million brand which retails at $60 to $90 per piece globally sources about 30-40% of its total apparel needs from India. According to Ms Biszantz, the entire Greg Norman range was being outsourced from India including the regular knitwear polos, the fragile rain suit and even Greg Normans patented play dry technology apparel range. At present, the range is being outsourced from five vendors located across the country, these include textile majors like: Ahmedabad based Arvind Mills and Gokuldas Exports, apart from companies like Gurgoan-based Matrix and Faridabad-based Super Fashion and Gupta Exim. The design and merchandising inputs are however still comi ng from New York. The Greg Norman Collection made its debut in the Indian retail market through the opening of an exclusive brand store in Gurgaon The company plans to set

Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Essay -- Tender Is the

Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Away! Away! for I will fly to thee, Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, But on the viewless wings of Poesy Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! Tender is the night†¦ -From â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats Charles Scribner III in his introduction to the work remarks that â€Å"the title evokes the transient, bittersweet, and ultimately tragic nature of Fitzgerald’s ‘Romance’ (as he had originally subtitled the book)† (Fitzgerald ix). Tender Is the Night parallels Fitzgerald’s own struggles with his mentally ill Zelda, and the characters are carefully constructed from his interactions with the social elite of artists, composers and Hollywood personas on the French Riviera and Rome, among other settings. From the fall of 1925 to the spring of 1934, Fitzgerald revised his fourth novel seventeen times before it was published—he was still revising it when he died in 1940. Over those years he continually promised Perkins the novel, but had to delay due to his incessant creative manipulation and extenuating personal circumstances. When he began work on the novel in 1925, he was battling debt and a severe drinking problem. His idea for his fourth novel centered around matricide and a movie director named Francis Mularky. In this version, the protagonist Mularky befriends an expatriate group and then mentally falls apart, subsequently killing his mother. The inspiration for this character, according to Bruccoli, came from two of Fitzgerald’s friends: Theodore Chanler, a composer that shared in the over-indulgent expatriate life with F. Scott and the couples, the Murphys and the MacLeishes, and then abruptly dec... ...ultiple sanitariums and found himself attracted to a young actress, Lois Moran. The novel is a chronicle of the unraveling of a character that eerily foreshadows Gatsby’s own unraveling from a drinking problem, an ailing wife and fading professional success. Works Cited: Bruccoli, Matthew J. â€Å"A Brief Life of Fitzgerald.† F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with assistance of Judith Baughman. New York: Scribner’s, 1994. Online: http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.html Bruccoli, Matthew J. The Composition of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York: Scribner, 1933. 1982 ed. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994. Other Sources: â€Å"Books and Works.† Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Essay -- Tender Is the Tender Is the Night Parallels Fitzgerald’s Life Away! Away! for I will fly to thee, Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, But on the viewless wings of Poesy Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: Already with thee! Tender is the night†¦ -From â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† by John Keats Charles Scribner III in his introduction to the work remarks that â€Å"the title evokes the transient, bittersweet, and ultimately tragic nature of Fitzgerald’s ‘Romance’ (as he had originally subtitled the book)† (Fitzgerald ix). Tender Is the Night parallels Fitzgerald’s own struggles with his mentally ill Zelda, and the characters are carefully constructed from his interactions with the social elite of artists, composers and Hollywood personas on the French Riviera and Rome, among other settings. From the fall of 1925 to the spring of 1934, Fitzgerald revised his fourth novel seventeen times before it was published—he was still revising it when he died in 1940. Over those years he continually promised Perkins the novel, but had to delay due to his incessant creative manipulation and extenuating personal circumstances. When he began work on the novel in 1925, he was battling debt and a severe drinking problem. His idea for his fourth novel centered around matricide and a movie director named Francis Mularky. In this version, the protagonist Mularky befriends an expatriate group and then mentally falls apart, subsequently killing his mother. The inspiration for this character, according to Bruccoli, came from two of Fitzgerald’s friends: Theodore Chanler, a composer that shared in the over-indulgent expatriate life with F. Scott and the couples, the Murphys and the MacLeishes, and then abruptly dec... ...ultiple sanitariums and found himself attracted to a young actress, Lois Moran. The novel is a chronicle of the unraveling of a character that eerily foreshadows Gatsby’s own unraveling from a drinking problem, an ailing wife and fading professional success. Works Cited: Bruccoli, Matthew J. â€Å"A Brief Life of Fitzgerald.† F. Scott Fitzgerald: A Life in Letters, ed. Bruccoli with assistance of Judith Baughman. New York: Scribner’s, 1994. Online: http://www.sc.edu/fitzgerald/biography.html Bruccoli, Matthew J. The Composition of Tender Is the Night. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh, 1963. Fitzgerald, F. Scott. Tender Is the Night. New York: Scribner, 1933. 1982 ed. Stern, Milton R. Tender Is the Night: The Broken Universe. New York: Twayne, 1994. Other Sources: â€Å"Books and Works.†

The Correlation Among Corporate Productivity Assessments Commerce Essay

In any profit-oriented or nonprofit-oriented organisations, human resources have an of import function in accomplishing organisational efficiency and effectivity by pull offing the physical, fiscal and human resources in the most effectual and efficient. To make this, the organisation has developed a assortment of complex procedures and processs. One to pull offing human resources is the appraisal of public presentation ( besides known as public presentation rating, public presentation assessment, public presentation direction, reviews or evaluations ) . In a extremely competitory epoch of globalisation, companies need high public presentation. At the same clip, employees need feedback about their public presentation and counsel for future behaviour. Attempts to make company ends can be realized through increased productiveness. Higher productiveness will make efficiencies in operations, where the degree of productiveness itself is extremely influenced by the public presentation or productiveness of employees of these companies. One of the of import factors that affect employee productiveness is motive. Work motive is something that can bring forth enthusiasm and thrust to work. Motivation can be sourced from internal and external. External motive can be obtained from the organisation, so the responsibility director to make a work environment that can take to the being of a motive. Meanwhile, the productiveness can be defined as the ratio of end product to input. Work productiveness is affected by motive and, hence, extremely motivated persons who tend to be more productive than persons who have low motive. In the globalisation epoch filled with stiff competition, every organisation should better and heighten the productiveness o f work. With high productiveness fight of the organisation is expected to be better and net incomes besides increased. There is something of import in understanding how the public presentation assessment system will convey increased productiveness. Silberman ( 2003 ) said that â€Å" an effectual public presentation direction plan can increase productiveness and morale in your organisation and aid you retain valued high-performers † . Meanwhile, harmonizing to Bruce ( 2002 ) that the manner to increase employees ‘ motive and productiveness is to guarantee that everyone has a common apprehension of what high public presentation is and to do certain that employees know what is expected of them. Furthermore, she suggests that directors recognize the consequence that they have on their employees and the demand to utilize their places to act upon the nexus between motive and public presentation in positive and originative ways. In order to developing human resource to better of company public presentation, spread outing some motive theoretical accounts based on by former motive theories. Reaching company public presentation which is maximum to be needed the apprehension of the motive theoretical accounts so that can be made by way to actuate employees.Corporate Productivity V MotivationPossibly some of people non truly recognize that the public presentation of every employee in the company is really large influence on company productiveness. Several factors are believed to impact the productiveness of the company are: Skill, evidently this single factors that differ from one individual to another Wellness, every bit good as single factors of the characters concerned. Work Attendance / Absenteeism is the last factor is more particular because it non merely influenced by the character in the drama but was influenced by these workers in the company groups that related with motive of employees Although many organisational factors contribute to effectiveness of organisation, such as turnover, absenteeism, and engineering, likely the factor that is described as most of import and one that direction feels it can act upon is occupation public presentation. Job public presentation typically is viewed as partly determined by the motive to work hard and, hence, additions in motive should ensue in greater attempt and higher public presentation ( Mitchell, 1982 ) . Furthermore, Mitchell said before any motive system is installed, one must be certain ( a ) that there is a good public presentation assessment system available, ( B ) that motive is an of import subscriber to public presentation, and ( degree Celsius ) that where motive clearly is non the major subscriber to public presentation, a separate step of motive or of behaviours clearly caused by motive is developed. Employees who work in an organisation have the features and backgrounds which different each other. Therefore, every employee has different demands and different desires, so that it can actuate organisational members to execute certain behaviours. Individual differences besides cause differences in public presentation / productiveness of their work. The productiveness of an employee ‘s work among others affected by their motive. Differences in behaviour among members of the organisation make a director must understand the motive that is owned by each member of the organisation, how to actuate them, who in bend can increase their productiveness. These of import inquiries about employees ‘ behaviour can merely be answered by directors who have a appreciation of what motivates people. Specially, a good apprehension of motive can function as a valuable tool for understanding the causes of behaviour in organisations, for foretelling the effects of any managerial action, and for directing behaviour so that organisational and single ends can be achieved. ( Nadler and Lawler, 1977 ) . Motivation can be sourced from internal and external. One of the external beginnings of motive is from the organisation. Therefore, the direction of organisations should be able to make a clime that can actuate their employees. A motivated employee tends to be more productive than those non motivated. Motivation is one of import factor to increase work productiveness, which in bend would increase net incomes for the organisation or company. There are assorted constructs or theories of motive that can be used as mention by the directors to larn and understand the assorted motives that are owned by their employees within the organisation. All considered, that between the motive and productiveness can be said to be a causal relationship, which is one of the impacts on the other side will do an impact on others. The productiveness of most organisations is a map of the manner at least three variables are managed: engineering, capital, and human resources ( Latham & A ; Wexley, 1994,2 ) . Employee productiveness depends on the sum of clip an person is physically present at a occupation and besides the grade to which he or she is â€Å" mentally present † or expeditiously working while nowadays at a occupation. Motivation is considered as the chief determiner of the of import and encouraging increased productiveness / public presentation ( Gibson, Ivancevich, and Donnelly, 1996 ) . An employee ‘s productiveness depends on employee motive to work to be done. The higher the motive for person to execute a occupation, the higher the productiveness. This is consistent with the end of explicating the theory that productiveness is a map of motive: P = degree Fahrenheit ( M ) . While harmonizing to the anticipation theory of productiveness is a generation of motive with the ability: P = M x A ( Suprihanto, 1986 ) . Productivity represent generation map from attempt of employees, supported by high motive, and ability of Human Resource through productiveness patterns which mounting, intending good public presentation, will go feedback to go oning organisation activity ( Klingner and Nalbandian, 1998 ) .Feedback ( Peformance Appraisal )AttemptAbilityProductivenessWorking Conditions ( Safety, Healthful )Ten=Beginning: Klingner and Nalbandian ( 1998 ) Figure 1. The Relationship between Productivity and Motivation Harmonizing to the consequences of a study conducted by the Employers and Manufacturers Association, where they have been reviewed every bit many as 521 instances that went before the Employment Relations Authority in 2008 showed that 67 per centum autumn in support of employees. One of the job is that in many instances when covering with hapless employee public presentation, because employers do non follow the needed procedure. ( Atkins, 2009, p.22 ) . So that the hapless public presentation of employees will impact the company ‘s productiveness, squad spirit and work civilization within the company. Bettering productiveness is one large challenge that has engaged the attending of employers ‘ whether private or public by inventing appropriate mechanism for actuating their workers. The earnestness of this challenge can be understood from direction ‘s perceptual experience of the strong functional correlativity between employee motive and organisational productiveness.Motivation vs Assessment SystemIn the human resources direction, public presentation assessment systems have a critical function. The public presentation rating is an of import mechanism for commanding the organisation, where employees can see their public presentation in the past and take concrete actions for betterment. Performance assessments besides provide of import information for the direction of human resources to make just and right determinations sing publicities, transportations, compensation, inducements and preparation plans and calling direction. Particular companies typically require differe nt public presentation assessment system tailored to the demands of the maps and procedures ( Chen & A ; Chu, 2007 ) . Appraisal of public presentation is related to the motive of employees, in supplying some of import constituents of effectual motivational schemes. Particularly in this instance is the proviso of feedback to enable employees to larn how the employee worked ; puting specific ends about what employees should make ; team-building to enable employees to take part with friends and their directors in work outing jobs that hinder their productiveness, and pecuniary inducements that reward good public presentation ( Latham and Wexley, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Mathis and Jackson ( 2000: 81 ) the factors that affect the single public presentation of workers, viz. : 1. ability, 2.motivation, 3. support that received, 4. being of work that they do, 5. Relationship with the organisation. Meanwhile, harmonizing to Gibson ( 1987 ) there are three factors that affect public presentation: 1 ) single factors: ability, accomplishment, household background, experience of employment, societal and demographic degrees of a individual. 2 ) Psychological factors: perceptual experience, functions, attitudes, personality, motive and occupation satisfaction 3 ) organisational factors: organisational construction, occupation design, leading, reward systems.The IndividualAbility Motivation SupportThe JobDesign Indvidual V Team Job elementsJob Satisfaction / DissatisfactionOrganizational CommittednessProductivenessQualityServiceHR EffectivenessBeginning: Mathis and Jackson, ( 2000, 81 ) Figure 2. Model of Individual / Organizational Performance The public presentation rating ( public presentation assessment ) is fundamentally a cardinal factor in order to develop an organisation efficaciously and expeditiously, due to policies or plans that better the human resources that exist within the organisation. Individual public presentation assessment is really good for the growing kineticss of the organisation as a whole, through an appraisal can be known about how the existent conditions of employee public presentation. Harmonizing to Bernardin and Russell ( 1993: 379 ) â€Å" A manner of mensurating the part of persons to on their organisation. † The public presentation rating is a manner of mensurating the part of persons ( employees ) to the organisations where they work. Harmonizing to Cascio ( 1992: 267 ) â€Å" public presentation rating is a systematic description or a description of the relevant strengths and failings of a individual or a group. † Meanwhile, harmonizing to Wahyudi ( 2002: 101 ) â€Å" a public presentation assessment ratings are conducted sporadically and consistently about their work public presentation / place of a work force, including its development potency. † Furthermore, sing definition of public presentation assessment Grote ( 2002 ) says that â€Å" Performance assessment is a formal direction system that provides for the rating of the quality of an person ‘s public presentation in an organisation † . Performance assessment is â€Å" the procedure of measuring how good employees perform their occupations when compared to a set of criterions, and so pass oning that information to those employees â€Å" ( Mathis and Jackson, 2000, 384 ) . Sing how to do a good public presentation assessment, Messmer ( 2000 ) province that there are several elements of a good public presentation appraisal: 1 ) preparation of the ends that will be done by workers or leader at the terminal of the appraisal, 2 ) a list of specific competences or accomplishments to be measured with a successful illustration of the behavior / public presentation, 3 ) graduated table ranking or evaluation is right for the organisation, 4 ) the infinite for workers in measuring for themselves, 5 ) the infinite for the appraisal supervisors / directors, 6 ) infinite for particular events from the director about public presentation of their employees, 7 ) promote the development of worker / employee, 8 ) the end to aline with the following rating day of the month. Furthermore, in ACAS brochure ( 2005 ) that there are several the general rules in explicating a good public presentation appraisal system: what is the intent of public presentation appraisal? , who should be assessed? , who conducted the appraisal? , how frequently should the appraisal take topographic point? , what methods are used in measuring employee public presentation? , how the interviews conducted? . Sing the aims of public presentation assessment system, in ACAS Booklet ( 2005 ) , states that the primary intent of appraisal system used for reexamining public presentation, measuring possible employees and place preparation demands and calling planning. Besides the public presentation assessment system can be used to find whether the employees eligible to have fiscal wagess for their public presentation or non. Klatt, Murdick, and Schuster ( 1978 ) study on a survey conducted by Schuster and Kindall ( 1974 ) in which the public presentation assessment patterns of Fortune ‘s 500 largest corporations are described. Of the 403 corporations surveyed, 316 ( 78 % ) reported the usage of some type of formal public presentation assessment system. Futher, they report the public presentation evalutions were used for a assortment of intents, as showed below:Table 1. The intents of assessment systemNo.Uses of AppraisalResponsesNumberPercentage1. Merit additions or fillips 238 75,3 % 2. Reding employees 278 88,0 % 3. Planing preparation or development for employees 270 85,4 % 4. Sing the publicity of employees 266 84,2 % 5. Sing the keeping or discharge of employees 184 58,2 % 6. Motivating employees to accomplish higher degrees of public presentation 269 85,1 % 7. Bettering company planning 178 56,3 % 8. Other 28 8,9 % Entire company coverage 316 Beginning: Klatt, Murdick, and Schuster ( 1978, p.367 ) Other studies likewise conducted by Lazer and Wikstrom ( 1977 ) , based upon a study of 300 companies, that 82 % of the respondents had used public presentation rating for feedback, 70 % for compensation determinations, 67 % for publicities, and 65 % for indetifying preparation and developmental demands. Another research worker found similar consequences in their study, Locher and Teel ( 1977 ) said that 71 % of respondents had used public presentation assessment for compensations determinations, 55 % for public presentation betterment programmes, and 11 % for certification. To sum up, the literature suggests that public presentation assessment serves two chief intents: the administrative ( on the organisational degree ) and the developmental ( on both the organisational and single degree ) . The major administrative intents of public presentation assessment are: To supply back-up informations for direction determinations sing salary additions, publicities, transportations, and sometimes demotions or expirations ( McGregor, 1957 ; Levinson, 1976 ) . To place promotable employees within the organisation for effectual work force planning and use ( Thomson, 1969 ; Schneier and Beatty, 1979 ) . To supply information that will ease determinations sing preparation and development demands ( Oberg, 1972 ) . The major developmental intents of public presentation assessment are: To supply equal feedback to the employees about how they ‘ve conducted occupation and to propose needed alterations in behavior, attitudes, accomplishments, or occupation cognition ( McGregor, 1957 ; Thomson, 1969 ; Oberg, 1972, Levinson, 1976 ; Schneier and Beatty, 1979 ) . To supply a footing for the coaching and guidance of employees by supervisors ( McGregor, 1957 ) . To supply information sing both single and organisational development demands ( Oberg, 1972 ) . Formal public presentation assessment can be accomplished after any period, although it is usually conducted on an one-year footing. Sometimes organisations require that it be done more often, quarterly, or biyearly. Frequent public presentation assessments can ensue in greater apprehension of the occupation and betterment in occupation public presentation ( Nathan et al. , 1991. B.R. Nathan, A.M. Mohrman and J. Milliman, Interpersonal dealingss as a context for the effects of assessment interview on public presentation and satisfaction: a longitudinal survey. Acad. Manage. J. 34 ( 1991 ) , pp. 352-369. Full Text via CrossRefNathan et Al, 1991 ) . Mathis & A ; Jackson ( 2000, 387 ) province that assessment typically are conducted one time or twice a twelvemonth, most frequently yearly. For new employees, common timing is to carry on an appraisal 90 yearss after employment, once more at six months, and yearly thenceforth. Besides Anderson in Towers ( 1996, 196 ) says that the most com mon corporate patterns are to keep public presentation assessments every twelve months or every six months, although more-frequent and less frequent fluctuations can and make occur. Harmonizing to Bhatia ( 2010 ) , based on the consequences of his research where he has worked with many companies and found that each measure in the assessment procedure should be no more than 4-5 on the job yearss. Further, he said that in measuring the public presentation of at least six phases which wholly takes over 15 – 35 yearss. The different stairss in the appraisal procedure and their time-line might be:NoStairssProposed Time-Line1 Employees completing their ego appraisal and submit it to their directors 2 yearss 2 Directors completing the appraisal procedure and subject it to Heads of Departments 5 to 10 yearss ( depending on the squad size ) 3 Head of the Departments completed the mark of their employees and so subject it to the HR section 2 to 5 yearss 4 HR do standardization ( remotion of departmental prejudice ) throughout the organisation, finish the appraisal tonss and subject it to the directors 3 to 12 yearss ( depends on the degree of interaction required ) 5 Directors to discourse the assessment with the employee and so give those consequences to the employee for concluding credence 2 to 5 yearss ( depending on the squad size ) 6 Employees receive their appraisal consequences and mark it 1 twenty-four hoursEntire Time Taken15 to 35 yearss Beginning: Bhatia, 2010 Futhermore, public presentation assessment can carry on into two ways, informal or formal. The informal assessment is conducted whenever the supervisor feels it necessary. A systematic assessment is used when the contact between director and employee is formal, and a system is in topographic point to describe managerial feelings and observations on employee public presentation ( Mathis & A ; Jackson ; 2000, Anderson in Towers ; 1996, Oberg ; 1972 ) . Although informal assessment is utile, it should non take the topographic point of formal assessment. Performance can be appraised by a figure of methods. Winston & A ; Creamer ( 1997 ) said that there are legion methods to mensurate employee ‘s public presentation assessment but some of these methods are non suited in some instances. Effective assessment system should include lucidity, transparence, and justness ; give acknowledgment to productiveness through the wages ; and recognize the leading qualities of valuators. Harmonizing to Mathis and Jackson ( 2000 ; 393 ) , assorted methods are categorized into four major groups: Class Rating Methods Comparative Methods Narrative Methods Behavioral/Objective Methods Beginning: Mathis and Jackson, ( 2000, 393 ) Figure 3. Performance Appraisal Methods Rating – is a public presentation assessment technique in which judges assess employee public presentation utilizing a graduated table for mensurating the public presentation factors ( public presentation factor ) . For illustration is in mensurating the degree of inaugural and duty of employees. Scale used is 1 to 5, Internet Explorer 1 is the worst and 5 is the best. If the degree of inaugural and duty are insouciant employees, for illustration, so he was given a value of 3 or 4 and so on to measure other public presentation factors. Critical incidents – a public presentation appraisal technique, in which the judge noted about what behavior / accomplishment of the best and worst ( highly good or bad behaviour ) for employees in the assessment period. Ranking – is a public presentation assessment technique by comparing employee to another employee with the purpose of seting them in order of value of a simple degree. Narrative study – a public presentation appraisal technique, in which the judge write a description about the strenght of employees, their failings, their public presentation in the yesteryear, its possible and provide suggestions for the development of employees. Behaviourally Anchored Rating Scales – a public presentation appraisal technique, in which judges assess the employee based on some type of behaviour that reflects the dimensions of work public presentation and do the graduated table. It is a combination of the evaluation graduated table and critical incident techniques of employee public presentation assessment. Management By Objectives ( Comparison with aims ) – is an appraisal method that oriented to the accomplishment of employment marks. In the MBO method, each single employee is given his ain mark, which corresponds to the work unit ends in one period of work. MBO public presentation appraisal methods conducted at the terminal of the period refers to the realisation of the mark. Harmonizing to Jafari, Bourouni and Amiri ( 2009 ) , they propose a model for the choice of appraisal methods and compare some public presentation assessment methods in order to ease the choice procedure for organisations. The model is based on six factors which are developing demands rating, happenstance with institutes, excite staff to be better, ability to compare, cost of method, and free of mistake. This model is theoretical in nature, and is build based on a reappraisal of related literature. The model called Simple Additive Weighting ( SAW ) , and the concluding consequence of their research as shown below:Table 2. The Grade of Performance Appraisal Method based on SAWNo.MethodsMethod ‘s Grades1 Management By Objective 0.91 2 360 Degree Feedback 0.87 3 Parallel barss 0.82 4 The checklist 0.72 5 Forced pick, Ranking 0.66 6 The critical incident 0.54 7 The in writing evaluation graduated table 0.51 8 The essay 0.40 Beginning: Jafari, Bourouni and Amiri ( 2009 ) The tabular array above shows that the method of MBO has top class, because the MBO is the best method of public presentation appraisal. Following, 360-degree feedback, BARS and checklist are the most suited method for the appraisal. Forced pick method and Ranking, include group order ranking, single ranking and paired comparing, are apathetic. It means that if the human resource director uses each of them for their employees ‘ public presentation assessment, his ( or her ) consent will be the same. The critical incident, the in writing evaluation graduated table and the essay are the worst method to utilize. The procedure of public presentation assessment and employee motive are related. Futhermore, in all excessively many instances the relation is negative ; that is, the supervisor who does the evaluation may attach small importance to the procedure and may even resent holding to transport it out. When this attitute rubs off on the employee, there is a negative overall motivational consequence. Under berhaviorally based systems, more positive consequences can be achieved ( Burgess,1984 ) .Motivation vs Salary SystemTypically organisations use compensation to actuate employees. Compensation is a benefit received by employees for services that have been given to the company, it could be fiscal benefits in the signifier of salary, rewards, pay inducements, fillips, insurance, and allowances, and benefits non-financially in the signifier of physical conditions of work environment, and paysheet systems applied by the company. Motivation can non be imposed, the wagess can actuate some employe es but non needfully able to actuate other employees. Employees will be motivated to make better work when they feel that the benefits granted distributed reasonably. Allow a sensed deficiency of just and worthy cause assorted jobs, for which the company must recognize that the system of compensation that is applied will impact employee motive. High employee motive will better employee public presentation which finally will better public presentation of company. Fairness is a fundamental of the compensation or salary system ( Newman & A ; Milkovich, 2004: 8 ) . A statement such as â€Å" just intervention for all employees † reflects a concern for justness. The intent of justness seeks to guarantee equity of compensation to all persons in employment relationships. The intent of justness focal point on doing compensation systems that recognizes both the part of workers ( the higher the public presentation or experience or developing the higher the compensation given ) and the demands of workers ( giving lower limit rewards, or wellness insurance ) . Harmonizing Simamora ( 2004: 449 ) , equity compensation is divided into three, viz. :1. External equityAppropriate pay rates with salary applicable to similar occupations in the external labour market. Assessed by comparing the external equity occupations similar between organisations unparalleled. Two conditions must be met: ( 1 ) . work is being compared must be equal or about equal, and ( 2 ) . the surveyed organisations have a similar size, mission, and its sector.2. Internal equitySalary degrees are appropriate / inappropriate to value the internal work for the company. Internal justness is a map of the comparative position of a occupation in the organisation, the economic value of the work, or societal position of a occupation, such as power, influence, and its position in the hierarchy of the organisation. Associated with a plurality of internal equity in wages between different occupations within an organisation.3. Individual equityIndividual worker feels that he is treated reasonably compared to his co-workers. When a worker receives compensation from the companies, the perceptual experience of equity is influenced by two factors: ( 1 ) the ratio of compensation to the input of attempt, instruction, preparation, opposition to adverse working conditions of a individual, ( 2 ) comparing of this ratio with the ratio of other workers who come into contact with him straight. Salary system created and organized to accomplish certain ends ( Newman & A ; Milkovich, 2004: 7 ) . These aims include efficiency, equity ( equity ) and conformity in conformity with the Torahs and statute law in force. Efficiency objectives specifically include increased productiveness and control cost of labour. Conformity, as a end, related to the execution of all Torahs and ordinances on compensation. When the legal and statutory ordinances are changed, so the compensation system itself besides needs to be adjusted, so that eligibility purposes can go on to run. Salary is a cardinal factor that can impact relationships in the workplace. The degree and distribution of wages and allowances can hold a major influence on the efficiency of any organisation, every bit good as on the morale and productiveness of labour. Therefore it is of import that organisations develop pay systems that suit them, that gives value for money, and that wages workers reasonably for the work they do. Salary system is a method in giving the award to person for his parts to the organisation. Ideally, the system must be simple and clear to follow and understand, so workers can easy happen out how they are affected. ( ACAS Booklet, 2005 ; Simamora, 2004 ) .Conceptual ModelThe conceptual theoretical account of this research company productiveness has relationships with public presentation of employees, and employees public presentation linked with motive. The linkage can be throught of as follows:CorporateProductivenessEmployeePerformanceSalarySystemPerformance Appraisal SystemEmployeeMotivationFair / EquityClear / UnderstandableCompetitiveAimsSporadicallyAppropriate methodBeginning: Created by Author, adopted from many beginning. Figure 3. Linkage among corporate productiveness, public presentation assessment system and salary system Based on the image can be explained that the company productiveness has relationships with public presentation of employees, where the premise that the better public presentation of the employee will do an impact that company productiveness will be better. Furthermore, employees ‘ public presentation is non irrespective of the motive owned by employees. Several factors can impact the motive of employees associated with the public presentation of one of them is the execution of public presentation assessment and wage system. Although many factors that influence employee motive and public presentation. Furthermore, from the image above with the premise that with the execution of an nonsubjective public presentation appraisal, usage of appropriate methods, the periodic executing, and execution of compensation that is just, clear and competitory consequences will be honoring and actuating employees to work better. With high employee motive, it is expected that the public presentati on of employees will increase productiveness of the company which subsequently rose as good. High productiveness is one of the ends of an organisation.Purpose Of This ResearchThe intent of this survey is to cognize the correlativity among, corporate productiveness, public presentation appraisal and salary system, and besides to develop quantitative relationships among them, so can mensurate how motivated person at work.Methodology adoptedThe type of research is experimental research. Sing the experimental research, harmonizing to Landman ( 1988: 82 ) that experimental research is research designed to analyze the causes and effects. The basic construction of this sort of research is the two state of affairss ( the causes and effects ) are assessed to do comparings. Research experiments in rule can be defined as a systematic method to construct relationships that contain the phenomenon of cause and consequence. The construct of the research experiment begins with understanding a simpl e illustration on inquiries associating to how the relationship of one or more variables in certain conditions.Location of researchThis research behavior on figure of companies in Jakarta and Surabaya, Indonesia. Why did Jakarta and Surabaya? First, It might be assumed that Jakarta, as the national capital metropolis, possessed every necessary property to back up a developing economic system: skilled labour ( many university alumnuss went to Jakarta together with other job-seekers ) , a capital market, transit and communicating webs, a haven, airdrome, banking system, and cardinal authorities. Most foreign and domestic investing was allocated to this part. Between 60 and 70 per cent of Indonesia ‘s money supply circulated in the Jakarta megalopolis ( Santosa, 2004 ) . Second, Since the 1940s, East Java has been Indonesia ‘s 2nd major Centre of industrial development after Jakarta. Surabaya, the provincial capital, its 2nd biggest modern metropolis after Jakarta. Profitin g from a business-friendly, dynamic provincial authorities, East Java ‘s industry sector contributed to a provincial growing rate higher than for the Indonesian economic system as a whole. The mean one-year growing rate in East Java in 2005-2006 was 5,8 % , and in 2007-2008, 6,1 % . These figures were higher than the growing rates for Indonesia, which were 5,5 % and 6 % severally. ( Beginning: Planning Board of East Java Province ( Bappeprov ) , 2009 )SamplingThe sample is portion of the population. That means there will non try if there is no population. Population is the component or elements which we shall carefully. Research conducted over the full component is called a nose count. Ideally, that research consequences more trusty, a research worker should carry on the nose count. But for one thing research workers could non analyze all elements that, therefore he can make is analyze some of the whole component or elements earlier. Harmonizing to Sekaran ( 1992 ) , assorted plausible grounds why the research workers did non carry on a nose count among other things ; the population so much so that in pattern it is non possible all the elements studied ; limited research clip, cost, and human resources, the research worker must hold been satisfied if the survey examines some of the elements ; even, sometimes, a survey of samples can be more dependable than on the population. if the elements every bit good as a homogenous population, a survey of all elements of the population to be unreasonable Futhermore, Roscoe ( 1975 ) in Sekaran ( 1992 ) provides counsel on finding the figure of samples as follows: We recommend that sample sizes between 30 to 500 elements, If the sample was split once more into a subsample ( male / female, simple school, Junior / Senior High School, etc. ) , the minimal figure should be 30 subsample, In the multivariate survey ( including multivariate arrested development analysis ) the sample size should be several times larger ( to 10 times ) than the figure of variables to be analyzed. To analyze a simple experiment, with rigorous controls, the sample size can be between 10 to 20 elements. Following Roscoe ( 1975 ) , due to the sort of this research is experimental research, therefore sample sizes between 10 and 20 are appropriate for this research. Therefore, it is decided to aim a sum of 13 companies, which is have location at Jakarta and Surabaya conducted in randomize. The surveyed corporations have different type of ownership and are from different sectors. The corporations can be state-owned, local, private, a foreign-owned or join venture and belong to service and the fabrication sectors. The figure of samples is considered effectual based on the available figure of establishments, research inquiries investigated ( Cavana, Delahaye & A ; Sekaran, 2001 ) , and besides this affair because of restriction of cost and clip in this research. The respondents of this research are HRD Managers / HR Specialist / HR Supervisor in the sampled houses.Beginning of Data and Instruments of ResearchIn this research, the beginning of informations divide into two sorts ; primary i nformations and secondary informations. Primary informations include questionnaire study for analysing execution of public presentation assessment system and salary system, besides conduct interviews with respondents sampled. For secondary informations include company study, papers that relevant, and literature reappraisals. The major instruments used for informations aggregation in this research were questionnaire and interview. However, the interview method was merely used to supplement the questionnaires that were distributed to the respondents. The research worker made the questionnaires anon. by intentionally excluding such sensitive inquiries like name of the respondent because of its utility to the research. In informations aggregation non merely by utilizing questionnaire and interview, but besides certification. Data collection of obtained daring of this research topographic point organisation is done, that is documentation refering informations of employees ‘ public presentation, company profile, company location, and others. In fixing the questionnaire in this survey, the research worker refered to the ACAS brochure ( 2005 ) which explained the general rules in explicating a good public presentation assessment system: what is the intent of public presentation appraisal? , who should be assessed? , who conducted the appraisal? , how frequently should the appraisal take topographic point? , what methods are used in measuring employee public presentation? , how the interviews conducted? . Besides sing to the salary system: Is a salary system just, simple and clear to follow and understand, so workers can easy happen out how they are affected? The research worker determines the weights of instrument based on literature study, which is each of the replies in the questionnaire is given weight with scale interval 1-10. Then, from each of those replies made rank, in which points that have replies highest weight is the consequence of the most ideal or suited harmonizing to the research workers, and so on. The weight is given to find the place of each of the replies compared to other replies. For the intent of this survey, productiveness was treated as the dependant variable while public presentation assesment system and salary system as independent variable. The definition of variable operational are: Dependent Variables is coporate productiveness Corporate Productivity ( Y ) : dependant variable has been measured by how much net net income from trading divided by the entire figure of employees of the house. Independent Variables have been defined as follows: Performance appraisal system ( X1 ) : This variable has been defined as the public presentation appraisal that implemented by the company, include the aim of public presentation assessment, sort of public presentation assessment, frequency of public presentation assessment have been behavior, the clip consume for for complete the procedure of public presentation assessment, the methods that used to measure employees public presentation, execution of public presentation assessment system. Salary system ( X2 ) : This variable has been defined as wage system which behavior, about equity, fight, and lucidity of salary systemFactorial DesignIn this survey, research workers used a factorial design to look into the influence of two independent variables on a individual dependant variable. Factorial design is really utile for research workers and field scientists in carry oning preliminary surveies, which allows them to measure whether there is a relationship between variables or non, while cut downing the possibility of experimental mistake and confounding variables. Factorial design represent application equation of regresi that is technique to give relation theoretical account among respon variable with one or more independent variable. Factorial design used on test to find simulationly consequence from some factor and important interaction ( Bolton, 1997 ) . Factorial design two degree mean there is two factor ( for illustration A and B ) what is the each factor tested at two different degree, that is low degree and high degree. Equation of factorial design shall be as follows:Y = b0 + b1XA + b2 XB + b12 XAXBY = Corporate productiveness ( NPAT/number of employees ) . XA = Performance assesment system XB = Salary system b0, b1, b2, b12 = coefficient or constanta, can cipher from consequence of experiment. OR Y = I ±*X1 + I?*X2 +I?*X1 X2Field StudyTable 1. The Companies Name, Status, Location and Type as SampledNOCompany NameStatusLocationType1 PT. KG POE ‘s Surabaya Retail 2 PT. CF POE ‘s Surabaya Retail 3 PT. WA POE ‘s Gresik Cement Distributor 4 PT. IN POE ‘s Djakarta Printing & A ; Printing 5 PT. TK SOE ‘s Mojokerto Fabrication, Pulp & A ; Paper 6 PT. MAC POE ‘s Surabaya Servicess /Health 7 PT. RZ POE ‘s Surabaya Servicess / Advertising & A ; Event Organizer 8 PT. PG SOE ‘s Djakarta Fabrication, Instalation 9 PT. HAI POE ‘s Djakarta Fabrication, Food 10 PT. ABDA POE ‘s Djakarta Finance & A ; Insurance 11 PT. TMP POE ‘s Djakarta Printing & A ; Printing 12 PT. WK SOE ‘s Djakarta Construction Servicess 13 PT. UM POE ‘s Malang Fabrication, TobbacosNote:POE ‘s = Private Owned Enterprise SOE ‘s = State Owned Enterprise From the tabular array above can be explained that in this survey the figure of houses selected indiscriminately sampled, located in Jakarta, Surabaya and its environing countries with assorted types and countries of production. Where there are 10 companies are private-owned companies and 3 state-owned companies.NoCompany NameNet net income 2009 / twelvemonth ( IDR )Number of employeesProductivity / Year1 PT. KG 7.800.000.000,00 155 50.322.580,65 2 PT. CF 9.000.000.000,00 150 60.000.000,00 3 PT. WA 49.440.000.000,00 121 408.595.041,32 4 PT. IN 108.199.710.608,00 700 154.571.015,15 5 PT. TK 378.580.000.000,00 12.844 29.475.241,36 6 PT. MAC 54.000.000.000,00 187 288.770.053,48 7 PT. RZ 523.000.000,00 55 9.509.090,91 8 PT. PG 6.229.043.496.319,00 1.700 3.664.143.233,13 9 PT. HAI 3.000.000.000.000,00 3.009 997.008.973,08 10 PT. ABDA 14.087.000.000,00 450 31.304.444,44 11 PT. TMP 3.000.000.000,00 195 15.384.615,38 12 PT. WK 132.621.941.132,00 6.000 22.103.656,86 13 PT. UM 59.825.400.000,00 600 99.709.000,00 Beginning: Primary Data, 2010 Explanation how the study was done ConsequenceNOCompany NameX1 SumX2 SumPRODUCTIVITY / Year1 PT. KG 33 18 50.322.580,65 2 PT. CF 42 18 60.000.000,00 3 PT. WA 48 24 408.595.041,32 4 PT. IN 72 24 154.571.015,15 5 PT. TK 78 21 29.475.241,36 6 PT. MAC 85 24 288.770.053,48 7 PT. RZ 34 18 9.509.090,91 8 PT. PG 54 18 3.664.143.233,13 9 PT. HAI 36 21 997.008.973,08 10 PT. ABDA 60 24 31.304.444,44 11 PT. TMP 56 21 15.384.615,38 12 PT. WK 44 18 22.103.656,86 13 PT. UM 48 24 99.709.000,00Development of Correlation FunctionDecision and Recommendations