Essay on Genetic Engineering Should Not be Banned

Genetic Engineering Should Not be Banned Genetic engineering is a hotly-debated topic. On the one hand, giant corporations, ambitious scientists and powerful politicians are pushing forward with projects they claim will benefit mankind, and on the other, public opinion, environmentalists and consumers associations are concerned that these projects are insufficiently safeguarded and pose irreversible risks to life on this planet. In this paper I will set out the main issues in the debate on genetic engineering. First I will summarise the history of genetic science, and look at the origins of the debate. Then I will discuss the manipulation of plant, animal and human genes in turn, and consider the possible benefits and†¦show more content†¦130). However, as we near the turn of the century, the debate has widened considerably, and taken on a new practical significance. The first cloned animals (sheep and cows) are now actually alive (and breeding), and Genetically modified crops are already entering the human food supply in the UK (Nuffield Report, p.1). The remainder of this essay is devoted to exploring the issues relating to GE of plant, animal and human genes, and discussing their advantages and disadvantages in turn. The debate about GE in plants is of particular urgency, since Genetically modified crops are already entering the human food supply. Nuffield Council on Bioethics, April 1998(p.1) and, in many cases, there is no way of knowing which food has genetically altered ingredients (BBC News Online, March 18th) Supporters of GE argue that Genetic know-how might provide the means to feed the millions of hungry people in the world. (Karp, preface, p. xi) This hope applies particularly to the plant world. Scientists hope to produce crops which are resistent to diseases, able to survive in rough conditions, and have a long shelf life in the store or supermarket. Food for Our Future, a web site produced by the UK Food and DrinkShow MoreRelated Genetic Engineering: Our Key to a Better World Essay1128 Words   |  5 Pages What is genetic engineering one might ask and why is there so much moral controversy surrounding the topic? Genetic engineering as defined by Pete Moore, is the name given to a wide variety of techniques that have one thing in common: they all allow the biologist to take a gene from one cell and insert it into another (SS1). Such techniques included in genetic engineering (both good and bad) are, genetic screening both during the fetal stage and later in life, gene therapy, sex selectionRead MoreThe Issues Of Gene Technology867 Words   |  4 Pages Legislation mainly focuses on HIPAA and the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). They protect information and prohibit genetic discrimination in health insurance and employment, respectively (â€Å"Genetic Discrimination†). The flaw in legislation is that it doesn’t apply to the nation as a whole. I would revise the GINA to get it to be a federal law and apply to everyone. Introduction Gene technology relates to gene expression, genetic variation, and modifying genes to new hosts. ScientistsRead MoreDesigner Babies Essay905 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler. Designer Babies, a form of human genetic engineering, should be banned. When a human is created with a different embryo in a lab that child can feel a lost sense of identity; also, genetic engineering can lead to a loss of human diversity and an imbalance between the social classes; and the procedure for testing and creating genetically engineered children destroys embryos that had the potential of becoming a child. Genetic engineering is a field that is growing rapidly every singleRead MoreThe Hunger Crisis And Its Effects On The World1532 Words   |  7 Pageshad their genetic codes altered using biotechnical techniques. This scientific process sparks debate among many people even though everyone acknowledges that world hunger is an important problem. One side claims that genetically engineered foods are beneficial. Their reasons include, that genetically engineered foods are cheaper in costs, have higher production rates and taste better. However, taste is an opinion. The opposition to this argument states that these foods should be banned due to theirRead MoreGenetic Engineering : Genetically Modified Food1229 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering is a technique which uses biotechnology to change an organism s genome. Currently, this technology has been used in an abundance of fields, for example medical science, agriculture and industry. Furthermore, numerous countries have never stopped the research on genetic engineering because they think the technology of gene will become the main competitiveness in the future. As a result for the rapid development of genetic engineering. With the developm ent of this technology, someRead MoreGmo Vs. Non Gmo Research Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesHonovi Locklear Julie Lamb English III AP 5 December 2016 GMO Vs. Non-GMO research paper Do you know what GMO’S are? You should because more than likely you consume them every day. Malnutrition of the rapidly growing human population is one of the major problem faced by the world we live in today. Genetically modified food (GM Food) is the solution to this problem. The food produced on a massive scale, by direct or indirect involvement of genetically manipulated organisms is called genetically modifiedRead MoreGenetically Modified Foods : A Large Part Of Today s Market Place982 Words   |  4 Pages Genetically Modified Foods are a large part of today s market place: corn,soybean,cotton, etc.. And plenty more crops are genetically modified. These genetic modifications change from inserting genes that allows the use of certain herbicides to inserting animals genes to impart desirable traits. Many large companies and farmers believe that genetically modified foods result in the use of fewer chemicals and cheaper foods, and more stability for the farmers. Some people may not like geneticallyRead MoreGenetic Engineering Of Food Is Good For The Welfare Of Humanity1135 Words   |  5 PagesGenetic engineering of food is one of the most controversial issues facing the universe today. Genetic engineering or modification of food is the artificial modification of the genetic constituents of plants and animals that produce food (Union of Concerned Scientists, 2015b). Genetic engineering per se is often conducted in the laboratory through a number of technologies whose primary role is to i ncorporate the desired qualities into the genetically engineered food crops and animals. Even thoughRead MoreThe Genetic Modification Of Food1654 Words   |  7 PagesThe genetic modification of food is a very argue subject around the world founded by Monsanto, a company complex in geoponic technology, in the 1980’s (Wikipedia). Since then, many other companies have also started to alter their food to avoid using pesticides. Genetically modified foods as foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering (Wikipedia). There are many different views concerning GMOs and quest the ideologicalRead MoreTreatments for Infertile Couples Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagesis placed in an artificial womb †¦ the action is permissible† Articles of Islamic arts, Imam Al- Khoei. However Muslims disagree with all other types of treatments and they are banned because they deny the children to know who their parents are. This is a form of adoption, which is also banned in Islam, â€Å"no Muslim is allowed to donate sperm to a women who is not his legal wife and no women is allowed to donate an egg to another woman† (quote source needed). C)

The Endangered And Endangered Species Diversity

Yue Yin Professor Riya Das Writing 111 15 Dec 2015 The Endangered and Threatened Species — Diversity â€Å"Bienvenido, mengalu-alukan, Selamat datang, よ㠁†ã â€œÃ£  , Chà  o má » «ng, æ ¬ ¢Ã¨ ¿Å½Ã¯ ¼Å'Witaj, ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃÅ½Ãâ€š ÏÅ'Ï ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ µÃâ€š, Welcome†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dictionary.com) Have you ever entered a public place and found your attention getting caught up in a giant, delicately decorated poster board hanging on the wall that kindly greets you with the word â€Å"Welcome† translated into a myriad of other languages? Have you noticed that more and more educational institutions, especially colleges, are starting to advertise and take pride in their campuses as having a diverse student body? As our world is progressing forward, people are gradually coming to a realization of the importance of fostering diversity on college campuses as well as in the workplaces. Newspapers and magazines have published articles that highlight the different benefits of maintaining a diverse group of individuals in schools, communities and organizations. Nevertheless, despite this increasing recognition and celebration of the countless advantages that racial diversity has brought to our day-to-day life, the emotional and psychological wellbeing for individuals of different racial groups is very often being overlooked by our society. In the ongoing discussion of the issue of racial discrimination, many believe that the social status for diverse ethnic and racial groups, including but not limited to Asian, Latino/Hispanic, and Black, had significantly improved forShow MoreRelatedGenetically Vigorous Populations Essay1508 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction into Genetic Diversity Genetic diversity provides a species with its form and function. A species genotype refers to their genetic code; what their cells are going to be used for – hair cell, eye cell, muscle cell, etc. A species phonotype refers to the way in which that species gene will be expressed – blonde hair, blue eyes, large muscle tone; which significantly impacts the success of that individuals genes. Without genetic diversity among populations the gene pools wouldRead MoreEssay on Cloning: An Option for Endangered Species Conservation1085 Words   |  5 PagesCloning: An Option for Endangered Species Conservation Review of the Literature Geneticists know that the technology of cloning lies in the palm of their hands, and its use on domestic animals and now endangered species has already proven successful (â€Å"Endangered Species†; Fields-Meyer and Seaman;Holt et al.; Lanza et al.; Trivedi). The question I ask now is this: Will cloning be used in the conservation of endangered species? This very question has sparked debate between the scientificRead MoreWhy Should We Protect Non Resources?1302 Words   |  6 Pagesprotect ‘non-resource’ (e.g., endangered) species? Since 1620, it has been estimated that over 500 plant and animal species have gone extinct in our country (US Fish and Wildlife Service). While it may be too late to protect these species, why should we protect other species that are endangered and could become extinct? In the preamble to the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Congress of the United States answers this question by stating that we should protect these species because they â€Å"are of estheticRead MoreThe Future Of Zoos During The World Of Activists Attacks1495 Words   |  6 Pagesthreatening environmental crisis, zoos are participating in the conservation of species. The biodiversity of the animal and plant worlds is being deeply affected, on the one hand by the disruption of ecosystems caused mainly by climate change and deforestation, and on the other hand, by the globalization of trade, travel, transport, and tourism. These two factors are increasingly reducing animals’ habitats and endangering many sp ecies (Keulartz 336). Even in the face of the environmental serial destructionRead MoreThe Importance of Endangered Species in Our World1649 Words   |  7 PagesThe Importance of Endangered species in our world Importance of Endangered Species in our world INTRODUCTION The term endangered is used by international and national organizations to define plants and animals currently in danger of becoming extinct. Although the term endangered is universally used, the definition of an endangered species is greatly varied. In most cases, the factors causing an organism to become endangered are human- related. ABSTRACT Geographic distributionRead MoreBiodiversity626 Words   |  3 PagesBiodiversity a.Biodiversity- is the degree of variation of life. It is a measure of the variety of organisms present in different ecosystems. This can refer to genetic variation, ecosystem variation, or species variation (number of species) within an area, biome, or planet. Terrestrial biodiversity tends to be highest near the equator, which seems to be the result of the warm climate and high primary productivity. Biodiversity is not distributed evenly on Earth. It is the richest in the tropicsRead More1973 Endangered Species Act Research Topic Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Topic 2 – 1973 Endangered Species Act (ESA) Date: April 4, 2013 Background Statement: The Endangered Species Act of 1973 provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found and deals with the perseveration of wildlife which is threatened with extinction. The U.S Fish and Wildlife services is the government agency entrusted with the enforcement of it provision. Also ensure that actions they authorizeRead MoreShould We Save Endangered Species?1740 Words   |  7 Pagesmore be done to protect and preserve endangered animals? The reasons for saving endangered species might seem obvious to many people, but many question why we should save a species from dying out. Isn t this part of the process of natural selection? Is there any environmental benefit to preserving a dying species? For some it s a question with an obvious answer, for others... it requires some thought. What benefit is there to saving an endangered species from dying out? This article outlinesRead MoreAwareness about Biodiversity Needs to Be Raised Essay692 Words   |  3 PagesBiodiversity is the variety of many different kinds of plants animals in an ecosystem; this includes diversity within species, between species, and of ecosystems. Biodiversity is important because it increases ecosystem productivity. With diverse plant/animal species ecosystems has a higher chance of recovery after a disaster, produce more potential plants that can be used in medicine, has more recreational activities which helps tourism. Biodiversity is so important because of the reasons statedRead More Protection Of Endangered Species Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pages Out of all the species that have ever existed since the beginning of time, 98% of them are extinct (Facts). There are an estimated 5-10 million species that exist currently and only 1.5 million have been identified (Sherry, 2). Scientists classify species into six different groups: plants, animals, insects, algae, fungi, and microorganisms (Today’s Situation). In the tropical rainforest alone, most species are disappearing at the rate of 1% a year (Sherry, 6). If the current trend continues, at

Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis Free Essays

This video is a narrative that clarifies different logical certainties that present major issues for the hypothesis of advancement. This video arrangement pursues a few researchers as they present logical proof that firmly supports the hypothesis of insightful outline. All through the narrative they clarify how the finches of the Galapagos Island, the cell flagellum, the DNA strand, and different subjects demonstrate that the odds of development making this unpredictable universe are about outlandish. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis or any similar topic only for you Order Now To start with, these researchers examine the finches that enlivened Charles Darwin’s hypothesis of development. They altogether clarify how the adjustments of the fowl’s snouts were a consequence of characteristic choice, which could help the general populace’s noses fundamentally change. In any case, characteristic determination has never been in charge of making the advancement from one animal varieties another. These adjustments were maybe realized to better the survival of this types of flying creatures on the island by permitting them better access to the sustenance sources. The way that the establishing father’s own hypothesis that assembled development has been disproven by science should reveal insight into how defective this hypothesis, that is frequently displayed as a logical law, truly is. A second developmental issue exhibited by these researcher, and maybe the most intense, is that of the cell flagellum. Propositions researcher clarify how the flagellum functions much like a typical detachable engine, with the exception of on a minuscule level. Each part to this cell mobilizer is fundamental to the task of the engine. While a few sections that make up the flagellum are found in different territories of the cell and could be barrowed for the flagellar organization, the greater part are totally new to the cell. Per the generally excepted theoretical procedure of advancement, the parts for this fifty or more piece small scale engine would need to independently create over a lot of time. The main issue with this is, as per Darwin’s hypothesis, survival of the fittest implies that these basically futile parts would be killed from the phone by normal determination while sitting tight for alternate pieces to build up that would make the flagellum a working engine. The multifaceted nature of this splendidly composed miniaturized scale engine is an extremely strong contention for the instance of savvy plan. Another issue that these researchers banter in this film is that of the DNA strand. They portray the intricacy of the DNA coding, which is basically its own dialect. The video clarifies the procedure of DNA translating and protein get together by means of consummately collapsed amino corrosive chains. The enormous issue is who outlined this dialect of DNA? The odds of such a mind boggling framework, which is so key the way toward creating and proceeding with life, advancing with no insightful outline is incredible. In the recordings these researchers talk about their very own voyages of abandoning the conviction of development to having confidence in a wise fashioner. They talk about how these issues introduced consolidate to make it somewhat difficult to hold to the conviction of advancement. Understanding the contentions that they clarified in this video has encouraged build up my conviction and thankfulness for the shrewd plan discovered all through our universe. This narrative completes a fantastic activity of showing certainties and the measurable numbers behind these realities, which incredibly helped me understand their importance. In the wake of watching this video, I for one trust that science has over and again supported the view purpose of wise plan. Notwithstanding, our instruction frameworks keep on showing the hypothesis of development as though it were a logical law. As was raised in the video, numerous people may never at any point think to address whether science and development can correspond, for the negligible actuality that it is the thing that they are instructed all through their whole instructive adventure. It is exceptionally uncommon that the logical certainties are reasonably displayed to understudies, and that the understudies are allowed build up their sincere beliefs from these realities. Also, this video made me contemplate and question why more people don’t significantly think about taking a gander at these realities to discover reality for themselves. I inferred that there might be two key reasons this is the situation. The main, being that numerous people today don’t endeavor to discover reality for themselves. Numerous aimlessly pursue what they are instructed by people, that are viewed as canny people, similar to reality. Be that as it may, I think others, for example, these societally esteemed clever sources, simply swing to advancement since it gives them a route around recognizing God as the wise creator for what we see surrounding us consistently. At long last, this video better outfitted me with contentions to shield my confidence utilizing science. There are times when people will provoke me about my confidence in God as the wise maker of the universe. Since I better comprehend the science exhibited all through this narrative, I can challenge these doubters with a contention that depends on logical certainties as opposed to clarifying it in a way that may accentuate my own convictions. How to cite Charles Darwin’s Hypothesis, Papers

Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry

Questions: Task 1 1. Explain why communication is critical with respect to issuing blood products and patient care. 2. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is a tri-phasic disease. In brief, explain the diagnostic parameters associated with each phase and likely treatment options. 3. Explain the role of core binding factor and its association with specific disease subtypes in AML. 4. Describe how patient sample turn around times impact on diagnosis, prognosis and management within the NHS. 5. Describe the feedback loop by which thrombopoietin regulates platelet production. 6. Briefly describe the process which gives rise to the red cells extreme degree of deformability? 7. Give 2 examples of common blood biomarkers of liver dysfunction. By what principle are these markers quantified? Why do these biomarkers have limited predictive power? 8. Give an overview of the mechanisms that are triggered upon an increase in plasma osmolarity that lead to increased water retention in the kidney. How do you think that the stimulus will be switched off? Task 2 1. Describe how anaemia is classified and name key distinctive features or associations for each. Describe how transferrin, folate and vitamin B12 are associated with anaemia. Use diagrams where appropriate. 2. Describe the processes by which platelets contribute to homeostasis. 3. Indicate the current clinical management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn 4. Critically discuss the use of serum bilirubin as a biomarker for liver dysfunction 5. Inborn errors of metabolism arise from the lack or deficiency of a particular enzyme? Answers: 1. Explain why communication is critical with respect to issuing blood products and patient care. Communication is an important step while issuing the blood products as with communication one could the proper information regarding the identification of patients along with making cross-match of the samples. Communicating to patients is necessary as it will benefit the infusion of right blood at right time. By the communication one can ensure that it all the procedure followed for the treatment is accurate for the patient. 2. Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia (CML) is a tri-phasic disease. In brief, explain the diagnostic parameters associated with each phase and likely treatment options. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is referred as the one of the common form of leukemia and it is considered as tri-phasic disease i.e. consisting three phases which are chronic phase, acute phase and blastic phase. Chronic phase is often diagnosed by a pathogenic test for detection of t(9;22)(q34;q21), florescence in-situ hybridization, PCR analysis and southern blot is also done. For analyzing acute phase, the increase in blast count is reported in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Detection of the complication is done by cytogenetic analysis and karyotyping. To diagnose the blastic leukemia immuno phenotyping and cytochemistry is necessary. For lymphoblastic leukemia the lymphoblastic transformation responds to the treatment (Thyss et al, 1997). 3. Explain the role of core binding factor and its association with specific disease subtypes in AML. Core binding factor CBF-AML is referred as collective incorporation of AML with t(8;21) or inv(16). In the clinical drug intervention the treatment of CBF-AML have develop in giving the favorable outcome in patient. The alteration in CBF-AML might help to understand the leukemogenesis and in the present scenario it is known as the target of novel therapeutic approaches. 4. Describe how patient sample turn around times impact on diagnosis, prognosis and management within the NHS. This term is referred to the patient flow and it describes the theories linked to the flow of patient and healthcare management. It tags many of the tools and techniques related to the progressive development of the products and information regarding targeted population. With NHS the impact on the diagnosis, prognosis and management consist the movement of the patients, department and staff involved in the patient care pathways. 5. Describe the feedback loop by which thrombopoietin regulates platelet production. Thrombopoitien is produced in the liver and it is not regulated at transcriptional or translational level. This molecule comes to the circulation and is been elicitby high affinity through receptor on the surfaces of platelets that intervenes and destroys the available throbopoitein. The feedback loop in circulating platelets regulates the ambient cytokine and chemokines in circulation. The metabolism of thrombopoetein is regulated when there is reduction in the platelet production rate that increases the level of platelet and megakaryocytes in bone marrow that produces platelets (Schmaieret al, 2011). 6. Briefly describe the process which gives rise to the red cells extreme degree of deformability? The deformity in the red cells at extreme is referred as sickle cell disorder (SCD) normally characterized by anomalies in hemoglobin in red blood cell called as hemoglobin S (HbS) possessing less oxygen bearing potential. This defect having less oxygen potential causes polymerization of deoxygenated hemoglobin leads to the flexibility in erythrocyte and rheological effects (Igwegbe et al, 2015). 7. Give 2 examples of common blood biomarkers of liver dysfunction. By what principle are these markers quantified? Why do these biomarkers have limited predictive power? The common blood biomarkers of the liver dysfunction are alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/ALT ratio. ALT is enzyme available in the liver and is been validated as biomarker for liver dysfunction. When there is deformity in the liver the ALT released into blood stream and it is valid in the diagnosis for liver cirrhosis, hepatitis and jaundice. Another valid marker is Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) as it indicates the hepatocellular injury. The ratio of AST/ALT is analyzed for liver dysfunction where the ration of these goes greater than two (Adams, 2011). 8. Give an overview of the mechanisms that are triggered upon an increase in plasma osmolarity that lead to increased water retention in the kidney. How do you think that the stimulus will be switched off? The mechanism that is triggered after increase in plasma osmolarity is known as thirst mechanism. The symptom of this consequence is water intake after thirst, kidney producing concentrated urine by ADH release. Increase in plasma osmolarity causes dry mouth that stimulates the hypothalamic thirst centers. At the end there are some osmoregulators that provide the feedback and inhibit the thirst centers maintaining osmotic changes. Section B Use separate booklets to answer questions individually. Include diagrams where appropriate 1. Describe how anaemia is classified and name key distinctive features or associations for each. Describe how transferrin, folate and vitamin B12 are associated with anaemia. Use diagrams where appropriate. Anemia is defined as a situation characterized by loss of erythrocyte mass and it is classified on the basis of cytometry, erythrokinetic and biochemical basis.on cytometric basis they are classified as normocytic anemia, hemolytic anemia, aplastic anemia.folate and vitamin B12 are associated with the normocytic anemia where there is disappearance of bone marrow precusrssor. While transferrin is an iron binding blood glycoprotein, that represent the anemia that is caused by iron deficiency. 2. Describe the processes by which platelets contribute to homeostasis. In the homeostasis platelets participate in two ways, first they perform cohesive function that helps to design hemostatic plug. In another approach they trigger the mechanism of coagulation and expose phospholipid surface that acts as a catalytic sites for the consolidation of hemostatic plug and to promote homeostasis plate should be efficient to perform these properties (Wagner and Burger, 2003) 3. Indicate the current clinical management of haemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn Haemolytic disease for newborn is the main cause of fetus loss and death amongst the newborn. In this disease the RBC of newborn are attacked by antibodies of mother which starts in the womb itself and causes incompatibility in blood with mother. Management of antenatal care in routine that includes the screening of all expected mother having risk is to be screen and preventive treatment is given accordingly to reduce the occurrence of HDN. 4. Critically discuss the use of serum bilirubin as a biomarker for liver dysfunction Bilirubin is known hemetoidin and referred as breakdown product of heme catabolism and used as biomarker for liver dysfunctioning. Bilirubin is basically hydrophobic in nature and is bound to albumin while circulating. Bilirubin is transported to the hepatocytes by UDP-Glucuronyl transferase and secreted to bile by CMOAT at intestine. In intestine the conjugated bilirubin is digested and convert bilirubin into urobilinogen. The urobilinogen is converted to stercolinin and indicates as potential liver dysfunction and cholestasis (Kao et al, 2012). 5. Inborn errors of metabolism arise from the lack or deficiency of a particular enzyme. Explain the general consequences of in-born errors using at least two examples from the metabolism of simple sugars and/or glycogen to illustrate this, including consideration of the major symptoms of these conditions and how they arise. There is a disease called as Galactosemia which is caused by defect in enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase and is known to cause liver failure during infancy. It follows the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance and denotes the enzyme responsible for glucose degradation (Isselbacher et al, 1986). The infants who are suffering through this disease possess the symptoms like vometting, diarrhea and jaundice. To diagnose the disease in early setting it is done before birth from the fluid around the fetus called amniocentesisor from placenta. References Adams, L. A. (2011). Biomarkers of liver fibrosis. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 26(5): pp. 802-809. Igwegbe, I., Onojobi, G., Fadojutimi-Akinsiku, M. O., Hirsh, A. M., Park. N. J., Yao, M., Driver, V. R. (2015). Case studies evaluating transdermal continuous oxygen for the treatment of chronic sickle cell ulcers. Advances in Skin and Wound Care. 28(5): pp. 206-210. Isselbacher, K. J., Anderson, E. P., Kurahashi, K., Kalckar, H. M. (1986). Congenital galactosemia, a single enzymatic block in galactose metabolism. Science. 13 (123): pp. 635636. Kao, T. W., Chou, C. H., Wang, C. C., Chou, C. C., Hu, J., Chen, W. L. (2012). Associations between serum total bilirubin levels and functional dependence in the elderly. Internal Medicine Journal. 42 (11): pp.1199207. Schmaier, A. A., Stalker, T. J., Runge, J. J., Lee, D. (2011). Occlusive thrombi arise in mammals but not birds in response to arterial injury: evolutionary insight into human cardiovascular disease. Blood 118 (13): 36613669. Thyss, A., Suciu, S., Bertrand, Y., Mazingue, F., Robert, A., Vilmer, E., Mechinaud, F., Benoit, Y., Brock, P., Ferster, A., Lutz, P., Boutard, P., Marguerite, G., Plouvier, E., Michel, G., Plantaz, D., Munzer, M., Rialland, X., Chantraine, J. M., Norton, L., Solbu, G., Philippe, N., Otten, J. (1997). Systemic effect of intrathecal methotrexate during the initial phase of treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Children's Leukemia Cooperative Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 15(5): pp.1824-30. Wagner, D. D, Burger, P. C. (2003). Platelets in inflammation and thrombosis. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology. 23 (12): 21312137.